The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Grozny, Chechen Republic, Russia.
Prior to 20th century
edit- 1819 – Groznaya fort built by Russian Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov.[1][2]
- 1870 – Grozny granted town status in Terek Oblast.
- 1876 – Population: 6,000 (approximate).[3][4]
- 1893 – Oil discovered in Grozny area.[3]
- 1897 – Population: 15,599.[2]
- 1900 – Synagogue opens.[5]
20th century
edit- 1913 – Population: 34,067.[6]
- 1917 – Groznensky Rabochy newspaper begins publication.
- 1926 – Population: 97,000.[3]
- 1928 – Grozny–Tuapse oil pipeline launched.
- 1929 – City becomes capital of the Chechen Autonomous Oblast.[3]
- 1932 – Electric tramway begins operating.
- 1936 – Chechen-Ingush Philharmonic Society active.[3]
- 1937 – Grozny Music College opens.[3]
- 1938 – Grozny University founded.[citation needed]
- 1939 – Population: 175,000.[3]
- 1944 – Vainakh people in North Caucasus expelled.
- 1946 – Stadium built.[citation needed]
- 1958 – August: 1958 Grozny riots.
- 1965 – Population: 314,000.[7]
- 1973 – January: Ingush demonstrations at Lenin Square.[8]
- 1977 – Grozny Airport terminal built.
- 1980 – Chechen State Teacher Training College founded.
- 1985 – Population: 393,000.[9]
- 1991
- City becomes capital of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
- Beslan Gantemirov becomes mayor.[10]
- Lenin Square renamed "Sheikh Mansur Square."
- 9 November: Pro-Chechnya demonstration at Freedom Square.[11]
- 1993 – 15 April: Demonstration against Dzhokhar Dudayev.[12]
- 1994
- 13 June: Conflict.[13]
- 15 October: "Opposition forces attack" city.[13]
- 26–27 November: Battle of Grozny.
- 28 December: Battle of Khankala occurs near city.
- 31 December: Battle of Grozny (1994–95) begins.
- Population: 370,000 (estimate).[3]
- 1995
- January: Battle of Grozny.[13]
- 19 January: Presidential Palace captured by Russian forces.[14]
- Population: 60,000 (approximate).[13]
- 1996
- Presidential Palace, Grozny demolished.
- May: Conflict.[13]
- 6–20 August: Battle of Grozny.[15]
- Mayor Beslan Gantemirov arrested for embezzlement.[10]
- Islamic Youth Centre opens (approximate date).[16]
- 1997
- 1999
- 1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya.
- 21 October: Grozny ballistic missile attack.[13]
- 3 December: Refugee convoy shooting occurs near city.
- 25 December: Battle of Grozny (1999–2000) begins.[13][18]
- 2000
- 30 January: Mayor Lecha Dudayev killed.[19]
- February: Russian forces take city.[15][20]
- 5 February: Novye Aldi massacre occurs near city.
- 14 February: City "sealed."[21]
- 2 March: Grozny OMON fratricide incident.
- April: Land mines cleared; civilians begin returning to city.[13]
- Grozneftegaz oil company headquartered in Grozny.[22]
21st century
edit- 2001 – 17 September: Mi-8 crash.
- 2002
- 18 April: 2002 Grozny OMON ambush.
- 30 June: Peace rally at Teatralnaya Square.[23]
- 19 August: 2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash near city.
- 27 December: Truck bombing.[15]
- Population: 205,000.[3]
- 2003 – Movsar Temirbayev becomes mayor.[citation needed]
- 2004
- 9 May: Explosion at stadium; Akhmad Kadyrov killed.[15][24]
- 21–22 August: 2004 Grozny raid.
- 2006 – Population: 240,000 (estimate).[25]
- 2007 – Muslim Khuchiyev becomes mayor.
- 2008
- Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque opens.[26]
- 11 October: The 5.8 Mw Chechnya earthquake shook the area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). Damage was limited in Grozny, but 13 were killed and 116 were injured in the districts of Gudermes, Shalinsky and Kurchaloyevsky.
- Victory Avenue renamed "Putin Avenue."[27][28]
- 2010
- 19 October: Chechen Parliament attack.
- Population: 271,600 (estimate).[29]
- 2011 – Grozny-City Towers and Terek Stadium built.[30]
- 2012
- 2013 – 3 April: Fire in Olympus Tower.[33]
- 2014 – 4 December: 2014 Grozny clashes.
- 2015 – March: Rally in support of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.[34]
See also
edit- Grozny history (ru)
- Administrative divisions of Chechnya
- Other names of Grozny
- Timelines of other cities in the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia: Makhachkala
References
edit- ^ Élisée Reclus (1876), A.H. Keane (ed.), The Earth and its Inhabitants, London: Virtue & Co.
- ^ a b Britannica 1910.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Amjad Jaimoukha (2005), The Chechens: a Handbook, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-32328-4
- ^ Murray 1888.
- ^ "Grozny". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
- ^ "Russia: Principal Towns: Caucasia". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440.
- ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966.
- ^ Russia, the Ingush-Ossetian Conflict in the Prigorodnyi Region. Human Rights Watch. 1996. ISBN 1-56432-165-7.
- ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office. 1987. pp. 247–289.
- ^ a b Kimberly Zisk Marten (2012), Warlords: Strong-arm Brokers in Weak States, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-5076-1
- ^ Monica Duffy Toft (2003), The Geography of Ethnic Violence, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-11354-8
- ^ a b Carlotta Gall; Thomas de Waal (1998), Chechnya: calamity in the Caucasus, New York: New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-2963-0
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ian Jeffries (2002), The New Russia: a Handbook of Economic and Political Developments, RoutledgeCurzon, ISBN 978-0-7007-1621-0
- ^ Bogdan Szajkowski (1995). "Chechnia: The Empire Strikes Back". GeoJournal. 37.
- ^ a b c d "Chechnya Profile: Timeline". BBC News. 24 May 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
- ^ Julie Wilhelmsen (2005). "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Islamisation of the Chechen Separatist Movement". Europe-Asia Studies. 57.
- ^ "Grozny Elections Declared Invalid". Moscow Times. 3 June 1997.
- ^ "Chechen rebels told to surrender". BBC News. 2 February 2000.
- ^ "Chechen Rebels Report Loss of 3 Commanders". Los Angeles Times. 2 February 2000.
- ^ "'Nothing Is Left' in Grozny, Returning Refugees Discover". New York Times. 12 February 2000.
- ^ "Russians Order Grozny Residents To Leave, Sealing Off Ruined City". New York Times. 15 February 2000.
- ^ "Grozneftegaz". Rosneft. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
- ^ Paul J. Murphy (2010), Allah's angels: Chechen women in war, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1-59114-542-4
- ^ "Chechnya Bomb Kills President, a Blow to Putin". New York Times. 10 May 2004.
- ^ C.J. Chivers (3 May 2006). "Spring rebuilding in Chechnya". New York Times.
- ^ Alexei V. Malashenko; Aziza Nuritova (2009). "Islam in Russia". Social Research. 76.
- ^ "A Chechen avenue is named for Putin". New York Times. 6 October 2008.
- ^ "The Wild South: Russia's treatment of its republics in the Caucasus has turned them into tinderboxes". The Economist. London. 27 November 2008.
- ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
- ^ Seth Mydans (5 October 2011). "Gleaming City Rising From Ruins Can't Hide Psychic Scars of a War". New York Times.
- ^ Territories of the Russian Federation 2013. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-85743-675-4.
- ^ "Chechen drama theatre starts new season". Voice of Russia. 21 March 2012.
- ^ "Chechnya skyscraper on fire". The Guardian. UK. 4 April 2013.
- ^ "Week in the Caucasus: review of main events of March 16–22". Caucasian Knot. 23 March 2015.
This article incorporates information from the Russian Wikipedia.
Bibliography
edit- Published in 19th–20th centuries
- "Groznaya", Hand-book for Travellers in Russia, Poland, and Finland (4th ed.), London: J. Murray, 1888
- "Grosnyi". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1908.
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1910. p. 638.
- Published in 21st century
- "New Violence May Cut Short Chechnya's Modest Progress". Washington Post. 12 May 2004.
- Seth Mydans (1 June 2004). "In a Ruined City, Even the Rubble Is Taken From Them". New York Times.
- C.J. Chivers (19 October 2008). "Grozny, and Chechen History, being Reconstructed". New York Times.
- I. Demchenko (2013). "The Illusion of Peace: The Reconstruction of Grozny and the New Chechen Identity". In Sarah Moser (ed.). New Cities in the Muslim World. London: Reaktion. ISBN 978-94-007-4684-8.
- Margaret Evans (11 February 2013). "Grozny's makeover can't mask Chechen menace". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grozny.
- Yulia Vishnevets (26 March 2007). "Грозный" [Grozny]. (photos of city)
- City of Grozny (2009). "Post-conflict Restoration of the City of Grozny". Archived from the original on 2013-07-05.