Wikipedia

Timeline of LGBT Mormon history in the 1990s

See also: Brigham Young University LGBT history, Homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Gender minorities and the LDS church, Sexuality and Mormonism, and LGBT Mormon people and organizations

This is a timeline of LGBT Mormon history in the 1990s, part of a series of timelines consisting of events, publications, and speeches about LGBTQ+ individuals, topics around sexual orientation and gender minorities, and the community of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Although the historical record is often scarce, evidence points to queer individuals having existed in the Mormon community since its beginnings. However, top LDS leaders only started regularly addressing queer topics in public in the late 1950s.[1]: 375, 377 [2]: v, 3 [3]: 170  Since 1970, the LDS Church has had at least one official publication or speech from a high-ranking leader referencing LGBT topics every year, and a greater number of LGBT Mormon and former Mormon individuals have received media coverage.

Timeline

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1990

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The 1990 edition of the "For the Strength of Youth" pamphlet called homosexuality an abomination.[4]: 3 
  • 1990 – The church published a version of the "For the Strength of Youth" pamphlet which contained its first explicit mention of homosexuality.[5] The pamphlet was to be put "in the hands of every young person in each ward".[6] In this pamphlet's eighth version section on "Sexual Purity" it states "the Lord specifically forbids ... sex perversion such as homosexuality". It continues "homosexual and lesbian activities are sinful and an abomination to the Lord" and "unnatural affections ... toward persons of the same gender are counter to God's eternal plan".[7]
  • April – The church distributed the booklet "Keys to Understanding Homosexuality" to its LDS Social Services employees which contained twenty-five suggestions to help male homosexual clients such as discouraging them from coming out of the closet, increasing their hope for changing their attractions, and helping them dress and act heterosexual.[8]
  • October – The first Utah pride march was held.[9] It was organized by Connell O'Donovan who attended LDS seminary as a teen,[10] and underwent shock and vomit aversion therapy and hypnosis therapy in attempts to change his attractions to men as recommended by his church leaders.[11][12] The marchers went right past the Salt Lake temple and the event complemented the annual Utah Gay and Lesbian Pride Day Festival that had been held since 1986. During next year's march participants were met with neo-nazi protesters at the Salt Lake City and County building.[13][9]
  • October – Packer gave an October General Conference talk in which he warned against "spiritually dangerous lifestyles" including "abortion, the gay-lesbian movement, and drug addiction" continuing to state that using scriptures to justify "perverted acts" of "gay or lesbian conduct" between "consenting adults" would by the same logic justify the "molesting of little children".[14]
  • November – Church spokesperson John Lyons stated, "whether you are talking about homosexual or heterosexual activity, the same rule applies. Since there is no marriage between homosexuals, then sexual activity between them is not acceptable under our principles."[15]

1991

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  • 1991 – Gamofites, a support group for gay Mormon fathers, is founded.[16]
  • March – During a case hearing Young Men's president and church Seventy Jack H. Goaslind gave a testimonial and stated on record that "[the church] would withdraw" from the Boy Scouts of America if homosexual youth were allowed to join, implying a current church policy banning youth based on sexual orientation.[17][18] In March 1910 the church's Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association had adopted the Boy Scouts of America program as the church-wide program for young men in the US.[19]
  • May – The play Angels in America which prominently featured a gay Mormon man in a mixed-orientation marriage debuted in San Francisco.[20][21] It would go on to a Broadway run, winning Tony Awards, a Pulitzer prize, and spawning a 2003 HBO miniseries.[22][23]
  • November – The First Presidency sent a letter on November 14 to be read in all congregations stating "homosexual and lesbian behavior is sinful" and that homosexual "thoughts and feelings, regardless of their causes, can and should be overcome" by "sincere repentance", "persistent effort", "the help of others", and "counsel from their bishop". The letter made a distinction "between immoral thoughts and feelings and participating in ... any homosexual behavior", and calls for "love and understanding" for those "struggling" to "overcom[e] inappropriate thoughts and feelings".[24]

1992

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Cover of a 1992 manual which marked a shift in LDS church rhetoric towards changing homosexual behavior rather than feelings.[25]: 40–41 
  • 1992 – The church published "Understanding and Helping Those Who Have Homosexual Problems" as a guide for ecclesiastical leaders. The six-page booklet states, "There is a distinction between immoral thoughts and feelings and participating in ... homosexual behavior. However, such thoughts and feelings, regardless of their causes can and should be overcome and sinful behavior should be eliminated." It further advised, "members can overcome these problems by turning to the Lord." "In some cases, heterosexual feelings emerge leading to happy, eternal marriage relationships." The pamphlet did not frame homosexuality as a disease corresponding to the recent change by the World Health Organization removing homosexuality as a mental disorder.[26][27] However, it continued to deny any biological origins stating "there is no conclusive evidence that anyone is born with a homosexual orientation."[28]: 19 
  • April – Seventy Vaughn Featherstone decried the attempts at legalizing homosexuality during his lifetime as among compromising, drifting philosophies in his general conference speech.[29]
  • April – The apostle Packer stated in general conference that humans can degrade themselves below animals by pairing with people of the same-sex since animals do not mate with other animals of the same sex.[30] However, same-sex pairing has been observed in more than 1,500 species, and well-documented for 500 of them.[31][32] He had also stated this a month prior in a sermon at BYU.[33][34]
  • October – Then apostle Russell Nelson stated in general conference that the AIDS epidemic was a plague fueled by a vocal few concerned with civil rights and abetted by immoral people.[28]: 13 [35]

1993

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  • 1993 – Family Fellowship, a support group for LDS who have LGBT family members, is founded.
  • 1993 – The Encyclopedia of Mormonism is published containing former presiding bishop Victor L. Brown's article titled "Homosexuality." It stated that "the divine mandate of marriage between man and woman puts in perspective why homosexual acts are offensive to God. They repudiate the gift and the Giver of eternal life."[36] The church's flagship school Brigham Young University has owned the copyright to the Encyclopedia since 2001.[37]
 
Apostle Boyd K. Packer played a large role in shaping over three decades of teachings on homosexuality through numerous speeches containing the subject.
  • May – Packer gave his May 18 "Talk to the All-Church Coordinating Council" (composed of the First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, and the Presiding Bishopric).[38] In it Packer identified three groups, that pose a "temptation" or "danger" to "lead away" members: those in the "gay and lesbian" and "feminist" movements, and "so-called scholars or intellectuals". In the address he stated that a man who self-identifies as a homosexual has "gender disorientation".[39]
  • September – The September Six are excommunicated. They include the feminist Lavina Fielding Anderson and historian D. Michael Quinn. Despite his excommunication and critical writings, Quinn, who is now openly gay,[40] still considers himself to be a Latter-day Saint.[41]
  • October – Apostle Dallin H. Oaks gave a conference address stating that "Satan seeks to ... confuse gender" and "there are many political, legal, and social pressures for changes that confuse gender and homogenize the differences between men and women".[42]
  • October – Church Seventy Spencer J. Condie related a story of a homosexual man's conversion in his October General Conference talk. Condie calls homosexuality an unclean "addictive behavior" that the man in the story developed "gradually" after being "introduced" to it "in his early youth" after which he had "relationships" which brought him "misery". Later the man read the Book of Mormon, experienced a "mighty change of heart", and was baptized, and was able to overcome his "homosexual tendencies" and marry a woman.[43]

1994

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  • 1994 – Disciples2, a confidential online and email support group, was founded. It operated from 1994 to about 2013[44] for male and female "strugglers" striving to follow church teachings.[45][46][47]
  • 1994 – BYU published an anthropology masters thesis titled Cross-Cultural Categories of Female Homosexuality.[48][49]
  • February – The First Presidency issued a statement declaring that the church "opposes any efforts" towards same-sex marriage and encourages members "to appeal to legislators ... to reject all efforts to ... support marriages between persons of the same gender."[50]
  • April – Apostle Boyd K. Packer gave a conference address mentioning "gender identity" and "those confused about gender" as well as stating that changes in the laws around marriage and gender threaten the family.[51]
  • May – The church's publishing company published Laurie Campbell's "Born That Way?" under a pen name on her leaving a relationship with a woman and marrying a man.[52][53]
  • October – Apostle Richard G. Scott gave a conference address restating a part of Spencer W. Kimball's October 1980 conference talk by saying that "stimulation" or masturbation can lead to "acts of homosexuality".[54]
  • October – The apostle Joseph B. Wirthlin gave a general conference address in which he stated, "we are to avoid abnormal sexual behavior, including fornication, homosexual behavior, child molestation, or any other perversion of God’s plan of happiness."[55][56]
  • November – Apostle James E. Faust gave a speech at BYU in which he stated that homosexuality is not biological or inborn and that same-sex marriage would unravel families, the fabric of human society.[57]

1995

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  • mid-1990s – BYU's on-campus electroshock aversion therapy program which had begun in 1959[1]: 377, 379  ended over three decades later in the mid-1990s.[28]: 90 
  • 1995 – The church's Family Services published the manual "Understanding and Helping Individuals with Homosexual Problems" advising practitioners how to prevent and treat homosexuality saying, "There is sufficient scientific research and clinical evidence to conclude that homosexuality is treatable and preventable." The guide states that male homosexuality is caused by "the motivation to repair the loss of the father-son relationship creat[ing] sexualized father-hunger or reparative drive", and that "in the homosexual male this core gender identity has become confused". The manual cites "the roots of lesbianism" as "a dysfunctional family relationship" and/or "physical, sexual and emotional abuse" which causes women to "have a tendency to develop overly dependent or enmeshed emotional relationships". The guide further states that the "love between homosexuals is pseudo-love".[58]
  • January – The church's newspaper published an article by BYU professor Daniel Judd in which he stated that the power of Christ freed a man from his problem of homosexuality.[59][60]
  • February – The LDS Church begins efforts opposing same-sex marriage laws including recruiting members to work with and donate to Hawaii's Future Today in opposition to efforts to legalize same-sex marriage in Hawaii.[61] Pamphlets were spread in church meetings and church facilities were used to fax statements to legislative committees.[62] The campaign spanned years and the church reported giving $600,000 in 1998 to the Hawaiian political-action group Save Traditional Marriage '98.[63][64]
  • April – The apostle Richard G. Scott stated in general conference that participating in homosexual acts is a deviant, unacceptable alternate lifestyle, and requires long sustained repentance and many prayers in order to receive forgiveness.[65][66]
  • September – James E. Faust gave a First Presidency member message in the September Ensign in which he denies any biological or "inherited" components in the etiology of homosexuality citing "no scientific evidence" supporting the "false belief of inborn homosexual orientation" leading to "so-called alternative lifestyles". He continued that if there was an inherited or inborn aspect to homosexuality it would "frustrate the whole plan of mortal happiness" and deny "the opportunity to change" leading to "discouragement, disappointment, and despair". The article also stated that same-sex relationships would also help "unravel the fabric of human society" and if practiced by everyone would "mean the end of the human family".[67]
 
"The Family: A Proclamation to the World" is a 1995 LDS church statement used as a legal document in several court case amicus briefs opposing same-sex marriage.[68]
  • September – "The Family: A Proclamation to the World" was read on September 23, 1995, at the Relief Society General Conference meeting by Gordon B. Hinckley. The document states that "marriage between a man and a woman is ordained of God" and "is essential to His eternal plan". It also teaches that everyone is a "spirit son or daughter of heavenly parents" and "gender is an essential characteristic of individual premortal, mortal, and eternal identity and purpose".[69] It has been submitted by the church in amicus briefs as evidence against court cases which could legalize same-sex marriages.[68]
  • October – Gordon B. Hinckley gave an October General Conference talk in which he states that "same-sex marriage" is an "immoral practic[e]" though he says that members of the churth "reach out" their hearts "to those who struggle with feelings of affinity for the same gender" and "remember" them, "sympathize with" them, and regard them as brothers and sisters.[70]
  • October – Church Seventy Durrel A. Woolsey stated in general conference that Satan makes powerful and ungodly proclamations like "same-gender intimate associations and even marriages are acceptable."[71]
  • October – The church published an article by apostle Dallin H. Oaks in the October edition of the monthly Ensign magazine.[72] in which Oaks states "we insist that erotic feelings toward a person of the same sex are irregular", but that "our doctrines obviously condemn those who engage in so-called 'gay bashing'—physical or verbal attacks". He says members should encourage those with AIDS to participate in church activities. He also seems to contradict Faust's address from a month earlier[73]: 58  by giving a nuanced view on potential biological components of the etiology of homosexuality stating "some kinds of feelings seem to be inborn" while others "seem to be acquired from a complex interaction of 'nature and nurture,". He continues, "the feelings ... that increase susceptibility to certain behavior may have some relationship to inheritance". However, Oaks discourages members from calling themselves or other people lesbian or gay saying, "we should refrain from using [gay and lesbian] as nouns to identify specific persons. Our religious doctrine dictates this usage. It is wrong to use these words to denote a condition."[26][74]

1996

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  • 1996 – Previously excommunicated Mormon historian D. Michael Quinn and his controversial book Same-Sex Dynamics Among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example both came out.[75]
 
In 1996 a Salt Lake City high school became a focal point of tension between LGBT individuals and a largely LDS city administration and population.
  • January – In California a letter was read to all congregations from the North American West Area Presidency encouraging members to contact their legislators in support of a California assembly bill (AB 1982) against the recognition of any same-sex marriages.[28]: 72 
  • February – Salt Lake City became the only US city to have its Board of Education ban all students clubs after Mormon students Erin Wiser and Kelli Peterson[76][77] formed an East High School club called the "Gay/Straight Alliance" in September 1995. The club had cited a federal law sponsored by LDS Utah Senator Orrin Hatch which forbade school boards from discriminating against clubs, although, Hatch stated that the law was never meant to promote "immoral speech or activity". Four-hundred of Salt Lake's high school students protested the ban.[78][79] One Mormon senior at East High was quoted stating that he would rather all clubs be banned than allow the gay-straight alliance.[80] Additionally, Mormon state representative Grant Protzman[81][82] stated "I think that many legislators have serious concerns about the group’s moving into recruitment of fresh meat for the gay population."[83][84] Club founder Peterson responded that recruitment was not at all what the club is about, stating that it was founded to help her and her LGBT friends deal with a hostile school atmosphere where she faced physical and verbal assault as an out lesbian.[85][86] In response to the gay-straight alliance group, some students at West High formed the Student Against Faggots Everywhere (SAFE) group.[87][88][89]
  • July – BYU Spanish professor Thomas Matthews was reported to a top LDS authority for previously stating that he was gay in private conversations. He stated that BYU did not like that he was out of the closet despite being celibate and keeping BYU codes of conduct, and eventually left the university a few months later.[90] BYU president Lee had stated that it was "simply not comfortable for the university" for him to continue teaching there.[91][92]: 162–163 [93]

1997

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  • 1997 – A poll of over 400 BYU students found that 42% of students believed that even if a same-sex attracted person keeps the honor code they should not be allowed to attend BYU and nearly 80% said they would not live with a roommate attracted to people of the same sex. The poll's stated 5 percent margin of error was criticized as being too low an estimate because of the cluster sampling in classes, however.[94]
 
During his 13 years as president, Hinckley brought a shift in tone towards empathy in church public discussions on homosexuality.[95]: 46 [96]: 62 
  • January – Issue of the church's Ensign magazine contained an anonymously authored article "Becoming Whole Again". In it the author who was married to a woman discussed his struggle with "same-gender attraction" calling it a "trial", "weakness", "impure thought", "temptation", and "misguided feeling" caused by "longing for true brotherly love or a desire for masculine characteristics". At the end the author states "same-gender attraction can be successfully resisted and overcome".[97][98]
  • March – Church president Hinckley stated at the World Forum of Silicon Valley that the church would "do all it can to stop the recognition of same-sex marriage in the United States."[28]: 73 
  • March – Church seventy Bruce C. Hafen presented at the World Congress of Families in the Czech Republic. He stated that one thing that will unbridle societal principles and harm us was legalizing same-sex marriage and that, "if the law endorses everything it tolerates, we will eventually tolerate everything and endorse nothing—except tolerance."[99]
  • April – Gordon B. Hinckley, president of the church, gave an interview in April in which he stated "we have gays in the church. Good people." He continued saying that no action is taken against them unless they're involved in sexual transgression, in which case there are "certain penalties" same as with "heterosexuals". He reaffirmed the stance that God made marriage for one man and one woman and that essentially gay people must live a "celibate life".[100]
  • July – General authorities Marlin Jensen, Loren Dunn, and Richard Wirthlin gave recommendations to the church Public Affairs Committee that the church's priesthood structure could be used to gather 70% of the required 700,000 signatures and raise up to $2 million to place an anti-same-sex-marriage ballot on California's June 1998 primary election.[28]: 74 
  • November – The church Seventy Jay E. Jensen told a reporter that the LDS Church offers gay people help and support that will point them to happiness.[101] He had presented at the September Evergreen International conference two months before.[102]

1998

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  • 1998 – The Church Handbook is updated to ban members from full-time missionary service who have participated in "homosexual acts" from age 15 and on unless it has been at least one year since the occurrence and the leaders see "strong evidence of lasting repentance and reformation".[103] The update also includes the first church policies sections on homosexuality and same-gender marriage stating if members have "homosexual thoughts or feelings or engage in homosexual actions" they should be helped to understand faith, repentance, life's purpose, and should be helped to "accept responsibility for their thoughts". Additionally, the manual asserts that the Church "opposes any efforts to legalize" same-gender marriages and encourages members to appeal to government officials to reject those efforts.[104]
  • October – The church donated a half million dollars[64][63] to oppose efforts to legalize same-sex marriage in Alaska.[105][106]
  • October – Church president Gordon B. Hinckley gave a general conference sermon and said "so-called gays and lesbians" have "certain inclinations which are powerful and which may be difficult to control". He continued "We want to help these people ... with their problems ... and difficulties", as well as stating "we love them" but made it clear that the church could not support "so-called same-sex marriage".[107][98]
  • October – Two days later twenty-one-year-old gay student Matthew Shepard was tortured and left for dead by Mormon-raised Eagle Scout Russell Henderson,[108] and Aaron McKinney in Laramie, Wyoming. McKinney would later state "The night I did it, I did have hatred for homosexuals" and that he target Shepard because "he was obviously gay. That played a part. His weakness. His frailty."[109] Mormon congregations joined other Laramie denominations in including Shepard's family in their prayers.[110] Rulon Stacey, the LDS CEO of the Colorado hospital where Shepard died, became caught in the ensuing media storm and later stated that he received hate mail for expressing grief and support over a gay murder victim and his family.[111] In The Laramie Project play about the murder, there are parts with an LDS stake leader and LDS home teachers to the family of one of Shepard's killers.[112]

1999

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  • May – The Area Presidency of the North America West Area, composed of Area Seventies, sent a letter to all area leaders directing a letter to be read in all California sacrament meeting which directed members to "do all you can by donating your means and time" to ensure that Proposition 22 (known as the Knight Initiative) passed.[3]: 157 [113] This act restricted marriage recognition in California to that between a man and a woman denying homosexual or same-sex couples legal recognition of their unions. A follow-up letter directed to stake presidents from Area Seventy Douglas L. Callister on May 20 assigned them to invite church members to donate money to the "Defense of Marriage Committee" in order to pass Prop 22.[3]: 157 [114] A third letter was released eight months later on January 11 a month and a half before the proposition would pass asking members to "redouble their efforts" in contacting neighbors and friends and to place the "provided yard signs" in their lawns.[115]
  • September – The church's Ensign magazine published an article by Family Services assistant commissioner A. Dean Byrd who also served on the Evergreen Board of Trustees. Byrd posited that "homosexuality is not innate and unchangeable", but is caused by "temperament, personality traits, sexual abuse, familial factors, and treatment by one’s peers". He further asserted that individuals can "diminish homosexual attraction" and that "when homosexual difficulties have been fully resolved, heterosexual feelings can emerge". In support of this he stated "many individuals who have experienced homosexual difficulties have" had their "burdens" or "trial" "lifted through the Lord’s grace." The article continued acknowledging that those who desire to diminish their "homosexual urgings" may "experience extreme pain because of the extensive changes that are required" including "changing one’s thoughts ... friendships ... or even clothing styles".[116]
  • October – Church president Hinckley stated in general conference that, "so-called same-sex marriage ... is not a matter of civil rights; it is a matter of morality. ... There is no justification to redefine what marriage is." He added, "we love and honor" and "our hearts reach out to ... gays and lesbians" and "they are welcome in the church".[28]: 79 [117]
  • October – Some members of Affirmation in Salt Lake City protested the church's lobbying and funding of initiatives in California and other states to keep the traditional definition of marriage.[118]
  • November – Director of BYU's World Family Policy Center Kathryn Balmforth addressed the World Congress of Families in Geneva.[119][120] In her speech she stated that gay rights activists are part of an anti-family movement that is hijacking human rights by legal force to gain power and "curtail the freedom of most of humanity."[121]
  • November – A PBS documentary on the intersection between the Utah Mormon community and homosexuality titled "Friends and Family: A Community Divided" aired on Utah's public television.[122][123] It featured interviews from LDS Family Fellowship leaders[124] and their gay son and lesbian daughter, LDS bishop and Evergreen International director David Pruden,[125] a lesbian active Mormon, and a gay active Mormon man married to a woman.[126][127]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Quinn, D. Michael (1996). Same-Sex Dynamics among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252022050.
  2. ^ Winkler, Douglas A. (May 2008). Lavender Sons of Zion: A History of Gay Men in Salt Lake City, 1950–1979. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Department of History. ISBN 9780549493075.
  3. ^ a b c Young, Neil J. (July 1, 2016). Out of Obscurity: Mormonism Since 1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199358229. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
  4. ^ Bingham, Ronald D.; Potts, Richard W. (April 1, 1993). "Homosexuality: An LDS Perspective". Issues in Religion and Psychotherapy. 19 (1). Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  5. ^ Jepson, Jared A. (2005). A study of the For the strength of youth pamphlet, 1965-2004. Provo, Utah: BYU Department of Religious Education. pp. 170–198. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  6. ^ Fillmore, Brent D. (2007). "Promoting Peculiarity—Different Editions of For the Strength of Youth". Religious Educator. 8 (3): 75–88. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  7. ^ For the Strength of Youth. Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church. 1990.
  8. ^ Rees, Robert A.; Bradshaw, William S. (August 20, 2020). "LGBTQ Latter-day Saint Theology". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  9. ^ a b Williams, Ben (May 26, 2011). "The history of Utah Pride". QSaltLake.
  10. ^ Dobner, Jennifer (June 2, 2007). "Support group for gay and lesbian Mormons marks 30 years". The Seattle Times.
  11. ^ Weakland, Sean (1996). "Legacies". Yale University Library. Archived from the original on March 27, 2017.
  12. ^ Alberty, Erin (October 15, 2014). "Longtime Utah LGBT advocates recount brutal history". The Salt Lake Tribune.
  13. ^ Lyons, Kelan (May 30, 2018). "Pride in the Past: Tracing the Utah Pride Festival back to its origins". Salt Lake City Weekly.
  14. ^ Packer, Boyd K. "Covenants". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  15. ^ Griffiths, Lawn (November 10, 1990). "Mormons Confront Gay Reality". Edmonton Journal. Cox News Service. ProQuest 251711337 – via ProQuest.
  16. ^ "Organizations" (PDF). Sunstone Magazine: 49. December 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
  17. ^ Braun, Stephen (July 14, 1991). "Boy Scouts in a Knot of Disputes". LA Times. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  18. ^ Palmer, Douglas D. (June 26, 1991). "Scouters Advocate Strong Defense". Deseret News. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  19. ^ "A Century of Scouting in the Church". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  20. ^ Kotraba, Kellie (May 22, 2013). "Gay Mormon characters step out of the shadows". The Washington Post. Twenty years ago, a gay Mormon character stepped onstage for the first time. His name was Joe Pitt, and he was in Tony Kushner's 'Angels in America, Part One: Millennium Approaches.' Pitt lived in New York with a good reputation and a bad marriage to a woman addicted to Valium. As colleagues dealt with the devastation and uncertainty of AIDS—it was the 1980s—he grappled with openly acknowledging his sexuality. He was Mormon. And gay. And the two didn't mix.
  21. ^ Butler, Isaac; Kois, Dan (December 18, 2017). "Angels in America: The Complete Oral History". Slate. Twenty-five years ago this summer, Tony Kushner's Angels in America premiered in the tiny Eureka Theatre in San Francisco's Mission District. Within two years it had won the Pulitzer Prize and begun a New York run that would dominate the Tony Awards two years in a row, revitalize the nonmusical play on Broadway, and change the way gay lives were represented in pop culture.
  22. ^ Pace, David (Winter 1994). "Mormon Angels in America" (PDF). Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 27 (4): 195. doi:10.2307/45228064. JSTOR 45228064. S2CID 254341736.
  23. ^ Kane, Rich (February 18, 2018). "Gays, Mormons and 'Angels in America': The landmark play took more than 25 years to get to Provo, but now it's here ... in a shopping mall". The Salt Lake Tribune. In the second half, 'Perestroika,' there's a scene where Joe Pitt, a closeted gay Mormon, removes his temple garments to show his lover, Louis, that he would give up his faith to be with him.
  24. ^ Eternal Marriage Student Manual. LDS Church. 2007. p. 230. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  25. ^ Phillips, Rick (2005). Conservative Christian Identity & Same-Sex Orientation: The Case of Gay Mormons (PDF). Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 0820474800. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  26. ^ a b Bracken, Seth (April 14, 2011). "Through the Years". Q Salt Lake.
  27. ^ Understanding and Helping Those Who Have Homosexual Problems. LDS Church. 1992. p. 6. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Prince, Gregory A. (2019). Gay Rights and the Mormon Church: Intended Actions, Unintended Consequences. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press. ISBN 9781607816638.
  29. ^ Featherstone, Vaughn (April 4, 1992). "A Prisoner of Love". LDS Church.
  30. ^ Packer, Boyd (April 5, 1992). "Our Moral Environment". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS church.
  31. ^ Goudarzi, Sara (November 16, 2006). "Homosexual Animals Out of the Closet". Live Science. Purch. A first-ever museum display, "Against Nature?," which opened last month at the University of Oslo's Natural History Museum in Norway, presents 51 species of animals exhibiting homosexuality.'Homosexuality has been observed in more than 1,500 species, and the phenomenon has been well described for 500 of them,' said Petter Bockman, project coordinator of the exhibition.
  32. ^ Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity (Stone Wall Inn ed.). New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312253776. Homosexual behavior occurs in more than 450 different kinds of animals worldwide, and is found in every major geographic region and every major animal group.
  33. ^ Packer, Boyd (1992). "The Fountain of Life". Things of the Soul. Bookcraft. ISBN 0884949516.
  34. ^ Packer, Boyd (March 29, 1992). The Fountain of Life (Speech). BYU 18-Stake Fireside. Provo, Utah: LDS Church. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  35. ^ Nelson, Russell (October 1992). "Where Is Wisdom?". churchofjesuschrist.org. LDS Church.
  36. ^ Brown, Victor L. Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Macmillan and BYU. pp. 655–656. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  37. ^ "Encyclopedia of Mormonism: Homosexuality". BYU HBLL Digital Collections. Brigham Young University. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  38. ^ Benson, Ezra Taft. "Church Government through Councils". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  39. ^ Packer, Boyd K. "All-Church Coordinating Council Meeting". BYUI.edu. Brigham Young University-Idaho. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020.
  40. ^ "Interview of D. Michael Quinn". PBS. April 30, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  41. ^ Lavina Fielding Anderson. "DNA Mormon: D. Michael Quinn," in Mormon Mavericks: Essays on Dissenters, edited by John Sillitoe and Susan Staker, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002, pp. 329-363.
  42. ^ Oaks, Dallin. "The Great Plan of Happiness". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  43. ^ Condie, Spencer J. "A Mighty Change of Heart". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  44. ^ "Disciples2: LDS/Mormon/Gay/SSA/Support". Yahoo Groups. Yahoo. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  45. ^ Welcome to Disciples2, Yahoo! Groups, archived from the original on August 10, 2006, retrieved August 19, 2011{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  46. ^ "Support Groups". Far Between. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  47. ^ Thumma, Scott; Gray, Edward R.; Crapo, Richley H. (2004). Gay Religion: Latter-day Saint LGBT Spirituality. AltaMira Press. p. 111. ISBN 0759103267. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
  48. ^ Spring Commencement Exercises. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. April 21, 1994. p. 21 – via Archive.org.
  49. ^ Parvaz, Rose Wilson (1994). Cross-Cultural Categories of Female Homosexuality (Masters). BYU.
  50. ^ "First Presidency Statement Opposing Same Gender Marriages". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  51. ^ Packer, Boyd. "The Father and the Family". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  52. ^ Eldridge, Erin (May 1, 1994). Born That Way?: A True Story of Overcoming Same-Sex Attraction With Insights for Friends, Families, and Leaders. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book. ISBN 0875798357.
  53. ^ Walker, Joseph (December 8, 2012). "Woman who had lived lesbian lifestyle brings hope to Mormons with same-sex attraction through LDS Church's new website". Deseret News. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012.
  54. ^ Scott, Richard. "Making the Right Choices". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. See reference 9 of the article.
  55. ^ Wirthlin, Joseph. "Deep Roots". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church.
  56. ^ "Sink spiritual roots in 'fertile soil' of gospel". LDS Church News. LDS Church. Deseret News Publishing Company.
  57. ^ "Trying to Serve the Lord Without Offending the Devil". BYU. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  58. ^ Understanding and Helping Individuals with Homosexual Problems. LDS Social Services. 1995.
  59. ^ "Wheatley Institution". byu.edu. Brigham Young University. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2022. Professor Judd is currently a professor of Ancient Scripture at Brigham Young University (1994-present) where he has served as a department chair ....
  60. ^ Judd, Daniel (January 7, 1995). "The Savior has power to heal broken hearts, deliver from infirmities". LDS Church News. Deseret News Publishing Company. LDS Church. "[T]he gospel of Christ has power to change those who appear unchangeable. For several years I worked with an individual who was trying to overcome his problems related to homosexuality. Not long ago we were having a conversation about the origins of his problems and he said to me, 'I do not fully understand the arguments of those who say, 'I was born this way,' but what I do know is that I have been born again' and 'have no more disposition to do evil, but to do good continually.' This individual isn't simply 'coping' with his problems, but is truly free. He has come to know the truth and the truth has set him free.
  61. ^ "Church opposes same-sex marriages". LDS Church News. Deseret News Publishing Company. LDS Church. March 4, 1995.[permanent dead link‍]
  62. ^ Semerad, Tony (June 9, 1996). "A Mormon Crusade In Hawaii Hawaii: Church Aims to End Gay Union". Salt Lake Tribune: B1. Retired Salt Lake City advertising executive Arthur Anderson was enlisted into the fight last November with a phone call from Mormon Elder Loren C. Dunn, president of the church's North America West Area. At Dunn's behest, Anderson and his wife embarked on months of volunteer work in Honolulu, mostly answering phones for Hawaii's Future Today, a group set up to lobby against legislative attempts at legalizing gay wedlock, gambling and prostitution. ... According to a statement from the Mormon Church's Salt Lake City headquarters, church members such as Anderson are responding to a plea by the ruling First Presidency to get involved as citizens. ... "The Church is indeed, politically neutral when it comes to parties and candidates and most issues," said the LDS statement. "However, when a political issue has moral overtones, the Church has not only the right but the responsibility to speak out and become involved." ... Pamphlets circulated at select Mormon Church meetings throughout the Pacific islands, urging members to support anti-gay marriage legislation pending in the Hawaii Legislature. Key statements were faxed to legislative committees, from LDS Church facilities.
  63. ^ a b Moore, Carrie A. (November 8, 2000). "Church backing helps measures in 2 states". Deseret News. LDS Church.
  64. ^ a b Henetz, Patty (October 26, 1998). "LDS Cash Carries Gay-Marriage Fight; Mormon Church has spent $1.1 million on ballot battles in Hawaii and Alaska; LDS Church In the Thick of Gay-Marriage Fight". The Salt Lake Tribune: A1 – via Newspapers.com. The church gave $600,000 to the political-action group Save Traditional Marriage '98 between Sept. 12 and Oct. 24 ... The church has also given $500,000 to a similar effort in Alaska, or 500 percent more than either side in that state's campaign had previously raised. The $1.1 million in church donations to political causes seems to be unprecedented.
  65. ^ Scott, Richard (April 1995). "Finding Forgiveness". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. [H]omosexual acts, and other deviations approaching these in gravity are not acceptable alternate lifestyles. They are serious sins. ... Such grave sins require deep repentance to be forgiven. President Kimball taught: 'To every forgiveness there is a condition. The plaster must be as wide as the sore. The fasting, the prayers, the humility must be equal to or greater than the sin. It is unthinkable that God absolves serious sins upon a few requests. He is likely to wait until there has been long, sustained repentance.'
  66. ^ Believer. HBO.com. Home Box Office, Inc. June 25, 2018. Event occurs at 43:07.
  67. ^ Faust, James E. "Serving the Lord and Resisting the Devil". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  68. ^ a b "Faiths File Amicus Brief on Marriage Cases Before Tenth Circuit Court". Mormon Newsroom. LDS Church. February 10, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  69. ^ "The Family: A Proclamation to the World". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  70. ^ "Stand Strong against the Wiles of the World". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  71. ^ Woolsey, Durrel. "A Strategy for War". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS church.
  72. ^ Oaks, Dallin H. (October 1995), "Same-Gender Attraction", Ensign, retrieved August 17, 2011
  73. ^ Quinn, D. Michael (January 15, 1997). The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (1 ed.). Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books. ISBN 1560850604. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  74. ^ Oaks, Dallin. "Same-Gender Attraction". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  75. ^ "Quinn and Controversial Book Come "Out"" (PDF). Sunstone: 73–74. December 1996. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  76. ^ O'Hara, Mary Emily (May 11, 2015). "How Utah's Schools Went From Homophobic War Zones to Crowning a Trans Prom Queen". The Daily Beast. The Daily Beast Company LLC. In 1995, Erin Wiser was a 16-year-old student at East High School. Wiser, who today is a transgender man living in Portland but identified as a lesbian in high school, wanted to start a club for gay students along with his then-girlfriend Kelli Peterson. The two had attended a lecture at the local Pride center and were inspired after seeing Candace Gingrich speak. With the help of a supportive teacher, Wiser and Peterson formally applied for an East High School Gay-Straight Alliance club that September. In response, the Salt Lake City school district voted in February 1996 to ban all extracurricular student clubs—becoming the only city in the country to do so. ... Gay rights scared people. But how could anyone hate a couple of sweet-faced Mormon girls from Utah who just wanted to carve out a place to belong in high school?
  77. ^ Brooke, James (February 28, 1996). "To Be Young, Gay and Going to High School in Utah". The New York Times. p. B8. For Kelli Peterson, a 17-year-old senior at East High School here, ... her primary concern was intensely personal—easing the loneliness she felt as a gay student. ... 'I came out that year, and immediately lost all my friends. I watched the same cycle of denial, trying to hide, acceptance, then your friends abandoning you.' So last fall, she and two other gay students formed an extracurricular club called the Gay/Straight Alliance. ... Ms. Peterson, who is herself Mormon, says she is taking steps to formally leave the church.
  78. ^ Moulton, Kristen (February 24, 1996). "Salt Lake City Students Walk Out In Protest Over School Clubs Ban 'Separate Church And State,' Some Demonstrators Demand". The Spokesman-Review. The Associated Press.
  79. ^ "Dispute began at East High in 1995". Deseret News. LDS church. March 20, 1998. Feb. 23, 1996: East and West students walk out of school in protest. West students march on the Capitol; en route, a 16-year-old girl is pinned under a car and seriously injured. Students ask school officials to reconsider action.
  80. ^ Brooke, James (February 28, 1996). "To Be Young, Gay and Going to High School in Utah". The New York Times. p. B8.
  81. ^ Collins, Lois M. (August 8, 1997). "Panelists say church, state separate in Utah". Deseret News. LDS church. Grant Protzman, former state representative, LDS Church member and Democrat, described LDS Church efforts to affect policy as 'measured' and 'very limited.' The church does make a public statement on what it sees as key moral issues. And it does ask questions, which may 'seem like a red flag' to some lawmakers. But the dialogue is good, Protzman said. What some perceive as church control of the state could be chalked up to social norms, Protzman said. Because so many people in the state are LDS Church members, there's a strong sense of shared values and that does influence public policy. And Protzman acknowledged that much has been said in the name of the church by those who present 'an individual's private interpretation of doctrine applied to public policy.'
  82. ^ Dockstader, Julie A. (June 20, 1992). "Serving the community". Church News. LDS church. Grant Protzman, Young Men president of the Ben Lomond Stake, said it was hard work in a hot sun.
  83. ^ "Gay club controversy turns into federal funding row". The Times News. Knight-Ridder Tribune News Service. February 24, 1996. p. A1–A2.
  84. ^ Florio, Gwen (February 23, 1996). "In Utah, School Clubs Banned to Stop Gay Meeting". The Philadelphia Inquirer – via Newspapers.com. But some Utah residents were aghast when they found out in the last few weeks that the law also applied to groups such as the Gay/Straight Alliance. 'I think that many legislators have serious concerns about the group's moving into recruitment of fresh meat for the gay population," said Grant Protzman, minority whip for the state House of Representatives. See also this clipping.
  85. ^ Florio, Gwen (February 23, 1996). "In Utah, School Clubs Banned to Stop Gay Meeting". The Philadelphia Inquirer – via Newspapers.com. That's not at all what the club is about, protested Kelli Peterson, the 17-year-old East High School senior who founded the alliance to help her and her friends deal with a school atmosphere she found 'horrifying on the best days. ... I was getting beat up and harassed verbally.' See also this clipping.
  86. ^ Sahagun, Louis (February 22, 1996). "Utah Board Bans All School Clubs in Anti-Gay Move". Los Angeles Times. 'Going to high school when you are gay or lesbian is a miserable, lonely experience,' said 17-year-old Kelli Peterson, who founded the club at East High School in December. 'I know, I've been beat up twice.'
  87. ^ Broberg, Susan (March 1, 1999). "Gay/Straight Alliances and Other Controversial Student Groups: A New Test for the Equal Access Act". Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal. 1999 (1): 99, 105.
  88. ^ "Students Protest Gay Club Ban". Florida Today. Associated Press. February 24, 1996. p. A4.
  89. ^ Florio, Gwen (February 25, 1996). "School-Club Access Law Comes Back to Haunt". Tallahassee Democrat. p. 7A. A group called SAFE—Students Against Faggots Everywhere—has since formed at West High School, one of three schools that will be affected by the new ban ....
  90. ^ "Gay Professor Leaves BYU for Position at WSU". Deseret News. LDS Church. Associated Press. August 18, 1996. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017.
  91. ^ Haddock, Sharon M. (October 10, 1995). "Homosexual Professor Planning to Leave BYU". Deseret News. LDS Church. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017.
  92. ^ Waterman, Bryan; Kagel, Brian (1998). The Lord's University: Freedom and Authority at BYU. Signature books. ISBN 1-56085-117-1.
  93. ^ "Gay Professor Leaves University" (PDF). Sunstone Magazine: 74. December 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  94. ^ Smart, Michael (March 22, 1997). "BYU Student Poll: Ban Gay Students". The Salt Lake Tribune. ProQuest 288698514.
  95. ^ Vance, Laura (March 13, 2015). Women in New Religions. New York City, NY: New York University Press. ISBN 978-1479816026. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
  96. ^ Williams, Alan Michael (Spring 2011). "Mormon and Queer at the Crossroads" (PDF). Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 44 (1): 53–84. doi:10.5406/dialjmormthou.44.1.0053. S2CID 171900135. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
  97. ^ Anonymous. "Becoming Whole Again". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  98. ^ a b Olsen, Jessica (January 20, 2017). "Timeline". BYU. The Daily Universe. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  99. ^ "Disintegration of the family decried". LDS Church News. Deseret News Publishing Company. LDS Church. March 29, 1997.
  100. ^ Lattin, Don (April 13, 1997). "Musings of the Main Mormon / Gordon B. Hinckley". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  101. ^ "Death of a Gay Activist". The Times News. Kinght-Ridder Tribune News Service. November 9, 1997. p. B8. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints accepts gays on one condition: that they renounce their sexual orientation. "Everything we do in the church is to offer them the help, the support, and the structure that will point them to happiness and joy," said Elder Jay E. Jensen who took part in a "healing" workshop here in September designed to help gays and lesbians become straight.
  102. ^ "Popular Speakers and Presenters at Evergreen conferences, Firesides, and Workshops". evergreeninternational.org. Evergreen International. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2017. Elder Jay E. Jensen of the First Quorum of the Seventy ... speaker at the 7th Annual Evergreen conference, September 12–13, 1997.
  103. ^ Church Handbook of Instructions. Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church. 1998. p. 81.
  104. ^ Church Handbook of Instructions. Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church. 1998. p. 159.
  105. ^ Moore, Carrie A. (October 4, 1998). "LDS Church joins gay-marriage fight". Deseret News. LDS Church. Archived from the original on October 29, 2017.
  106. ^ Mims, Bob (October 5, 1998). "Church Funds Initiative to Ban Same-Sex Marriages in Alaska". The Salt Lake Tribune – via Newspapers.com. We have 24,000 members of the church based in Alaska. It's a matter that members of the church in Alaska and people who share their views about the importance of traditional marriage as an institution feel strongly about. ... The church has always reserved the right to speak out on moral issues.... You don't become disenfranchised in our democratic process just because you happen to represent a religious viewpoint. - Church Spokesperson, Michael Otterson
  107. ^ Hinckley, Gordon B. (October 4, 1998). "What Are People Asking about Us?". Ensign. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  108. ^ Thernstrom, Melanie (1999). "The Crucifixion of Matthew Shepard". Vanity Fair. He [Russell Henderson] was raised by his strict Mormon grandparents and became an honor student and a member of Future Farmers of America. He completed the requirements for the rank of Eagle Scout by cleaning a local cemetery, and had his picture taken with the governor and printed in the 'Boomerang.'
  109. ^ Moore, John (October 1, 2009). "Murderer: 'Matt Shepard needed killing'". The Denver Post. Digital First Media.
  110. ^ Thernstrom, Melanie (1999). "The Crucifixion of Matthew Shepard". Vanity Fair. Most of the churches in Laramie participated in the vigils and memorial services for Matthew; even traditionally anti-homosexuality sects, like Mormons, included prayers for Matthew's family in their services.
  111. ^ Wood, Benjamin (March 31, 2016). "LDS Church leader, a figure in Matthew Shepard story, talks to Utah teens about hate". The Salt Lake Tribune. Stacey told the Draper students about navigating a media storm, arranging a call between President Bill Clinton and the Shepard family, and the angry and offensive letters he received after the news conference when Shepard's death was confirmed. He recalled one letter, in which he was called a 'sniveling swine' and asked whether he also cried when 'normal' people died or just when gay patients did. 'There are people out there who hate people without knowing them,' he said. 'It was frightening for me to see that.'
  112. ^ Lincoln, Ivan M. (July 15, 2001). "'Project' retells impact of Laramie gay murder". Deseret News. LDS church. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017.
  113. ^ "Area Presidency Letter" (Press release). Salt Lake City: LDS Church. May 11, 1999.
  114. ^ Callister, Douglas L. (May 20, 1999). "Callister Letter" (Press release). Salt Lake City: LDS Church.
  115. ^ "Proposition 22 Dominates Wards' Attention, Divides Members" (PDF). Sunstone Magazine (118): 92. April 2001. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  116. ^ Byrd, A. Dean. "When a Loved One Struggles with Same-Sex Attraction". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  117. ^ Hinckley, Gordon B. "Why We Do Some of the Things We Do". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
  118. ^ Fidel, Steve (October 4, 1999). "Protesters Target Church Activism in California". Deseret News. LDS Church. p. A6.
  119. ^ "Scenes and Sayings from World Congress of Families II". byu.edu. BYU. Kathryn Balmforth, J.D., Director, World Family Policy Center
  120. ^ "1999 World Family Policy Center Forum". law.byu.edu. BYU. Kathryn Balmforth, executive director, World Family Policy Center
  121. ^ Balmforth, Kathryn. "Hijacking Human Rights". Howard Center for Family, Religion and Society. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016. The radical feminists, population control ideologues, and homosexual rights activists who make up the anti-family movement know as well as we do that they speak for only a small minority of the world's people. ... Therefore, homosexual rights activists are again bypassing the democratic process and going from court to court, hoping to find a judge who will take it upon himself to create a 'right' to 'gay marriage,' which can then be forced on the citizens of the United States. ... The anti-family faction has targeted the human rights system because it is a direct path to power. The power they seek is the power to curtail the freedom of most of humanity and to do it, ironically, in the name of 'human rights.'
  122. ^ Vanderhooft, JoSelle (September 16, 2010). "Allies Honored at Equality Utah Dinner". QSaltLake Magazine. 'Education is one of our major goals, and to just try to get the parents and siblings to love their gay child and keep their gay child under their wing, not kick them out of the house like happens so many times with gay children,' said Millie Watts in an interview with KUED for Friends and Neighbors: A Community Divided, a 1999 documentary about the families and friends of gay and lesbian Utahns.
  123. ^ "Friends and Neighbors: A Community Divided". kued.org. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on February 11, 2002.
  124. ^ "An Interview with Gary & Millie Watts". ldsfamilyfellowship.org. LDS Family Fellowship. November 29, 1999.
  125. ^ "David Pruden". kued.org. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on March 12, 2002.
  126. ^ "Index of Interviews". kued.org. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on February 26, 2002.
  127. ^ "Friends and Neighbors: A Community Divided Script". kued.org. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on July 25, 2001.
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