The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
Prior to 20th century
edit- 100 BCE - "Yemeni tribes of Jurham rule Mecca."[1]
- 570 CE - Year of the Elephant and the birth of Muhammad.
- 605 CE - Quraish rebuild Kaaba after it was damaged in floods.[2]
- 613 CE - Muhammad starts preaching publicly in Mecca.[3]
- 622 CE / 0-1 H - Muhammad migrates from Mecca to Medina, with followers (muhajirun).[4]
- 7th C. - Masjid al-Haram architectural components began.
- 625-629 : Pilgrim mosques built in numerous countries like (Kerala) India & in China by early disciples of Muhammad.
- Pilgrimage of Muslims to Mecca per Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.[3]
- 11 December: Liberation of Mecca.
- 683 / 63-64 H - Siege of Mecca (683); Kaaba burnt.[5]
- 692 - Siege of Mecca (692).[6][7]
- 751 - Milestones installed along the Darb Zubaidah (Baghdad-Mecca road).
- 793 - Harun al-Rashid visits city.[5]
- 810 - Aqueduct built.[1]
- 930 - City sacked by Qarmatians; Black Stone taken out of Mecca.[5][7]
- 951 - Black Stone returned to Mecca "for a great ransom".[5][7]
- 1184 - Traveller Ibn Jubayr visits city.[8]
- 1265 - Egyptian Mamluks in power.[5]
- 1326 - Traveller Ibn Battuta visits Mecca.[8]
- 1517 - Ottomans in power;[9] Selim I becomes Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.[7]
- 1630 - Flood.[9]
- 1631 - Kaaba rebuilt.[10]
- 1802/1803 - Mecca "captured by the Sa'udi-Wahhabi army."[11]
- 1812/1813 - Wahhabis ousted by Egyptian forces.[9]
- 1840 - Ottomans in power again.[9]
- 1855 - The Hejaz rebellion takes place in Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire, and results in riots in both Mecca and Jeddah.[12]
- 1878 - Population estimated by Assistant-Surgeon ʽAbd el-Razzāq at 50,000 to 60,000.[7]
- 1880 - 21 March: Sharif assassinated.[6]
- 1885 - Population: 45,000 (estimate).[13]
- 1886 - Printing press in use (approximate date).[14]
20th century
edit- 1908 / 1325-1326 H
- September: Hejaz Railway (Damascus-Mecca) begins operating.[6]
- Hussein bin Ali becomes sharif.[1]
- Al-Hijaz government newspaper begins publication.[14]
- 1912 - Madrasat al-Falah established.[14]
- 1916 / 1334-1335 H
- June–July: Battle of Mecca (1916).[5]
- Hashimite al-Qibla government newspaper begins publication.[14]
- 1921 - Population: 80,000 (approximate estimate).[15]
- 1924 / 1342-1343 H
- Battle of Mecca (1924).[14]
- 12 December: Umm al-Qura government newspaper begins publication.[14]
- Population: 60,000 (approximate estimate).[16]
- Ali of Hejaz becomes sharif.
- 1925 - City becomes part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[5]
- 1926 - Al Adl cemetery and al-Mahad al-Ilmi Suudi (school)[14] established.
- 1929 - Amanat al-Asima (municipality) established.[14]
- 1931 / 1349-1350 H - Public library founded (approximate date).[14]
- 1932 - Dar al-Hadith (school) established.[14]
- 1930s - Aziziyya, Faysaliyya, Khayriyya, and Suudiyya schools established (approximate date).[14]
- 1938 - Maktabat al-Haram (library) active.[14]
- 1941 - Flood[17][18]
- 1945 - Al-Wehda Club (sport club) formed.
- 1949 / 1368-1369 H - Kulliyyat al-Sharia (college) established.[14]
- 1951 - College of Education established.[14]
- 1958 - Al Nadwa newspaper begins publication.[19]
- 1960 - Police academy established.[14]
- 1962
- 1964 / 1383-1384 H
- Malcolm X visits city.[1]
- Masjid al-Haram expanded.[1]
- 1966 - Mahad al-Nur (school) established.[14]
- 1969 - Flood.[21]
- 1972 - Hajj televised.[22]
- 1973 - "Master Plan for the Holy City of Mecca" launched.[1]
- 1974 - Population: 366,801.[23]
- 1975 - Fire in Mina.[1]
- 1979 - 20 November-4 December: Grand Mosque seizure.[24]
- 1981 - Umm al-Qura University established.[14]
- 1986 - King Abdul Aziz Stadium opens.
- 1987 - 31 July: 1987 Mecca incident.
- 1992 - Population: 965,697.[19]
- 1997 - 16 April: Mecca fire of 1997.
21st century
edit- 2005 - April: 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games held in city.
- 2006 / 1426-1427 H
- 5 January: 2006 Mecca hostel collapse.
- 12 January: 2006 Hajj stampede.[24]
- December: Abraj al Bait Mall in business.[25]
- 2007 - Jamaraat Bridge for pedestrians rebuilt.
- 2010
- Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro begins operating.
- Makkah Clock Royal Tower Hotel in business.
- 1,534,731.[26]
- 2012
- August: Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference held in city.
- Abraj Al Bait built.
- 2013 - Mishaal bin Abdullah Al Saud becomes governor of Mecca Province.
- 2014 / 1435-1436 H - Raffles Makkah Palace hotel and Swissôtel Makkah in business.
- 2015
- 13 July: City visible via Snapchat imagery.[27][28]
- September: Mecca crane collapse.
See also
edit- Mecca history
- List of sharifs of Mecca
- Timeline of Muhammad in Mecca
- Timeline of Islamic history
- Timelines of other cities in Saudi Arabia: Jeddah, Medina, Riyadh
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Sardar 2014.
- ^ "1st Millennium CE". Madain Project. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
- ^ a b John L. Esposito (2003). "Chronology of Key Events". Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 351+. ISBN 978-0-19-975726-8.
- ^ New Encyclopedia of Islam. USA: AltaMira Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7591-0190-6.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hollister 1996.
- ^ a b c Haydn 1910.
- ^ a b c d e Britannica 1910.
- ^ a b Tolmacheva 2000.
- ^ a b c d Agoston 2009.
- ^ Saudi Arabia: Mecca, ArchNet, archived from the original on 29 September 2008
- ^ "Saudi Arabia". Political Chronology of the Middle East. Europa Publications. 2003. p. 197+. ISBN 978-1-135-35673-6.
- ^ Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p357
- ^ "Turkey". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1890. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590527.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Bosworth 2007.
- ^ "Arabia: Kingdom of Hejaz". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440.
- ^ "Again Holy Mecca Resounds to Arms; City of the Prophet Yields for Second Time in a Century to the Wahabis", New York Times, 2 November 1924
- ^ Tribune.com.pk (17 May 2015). "Bahraini who performed Tawaf around Kaaba during 1941 floods dies". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ flood 2017, Tags : kaaba flood kaaba flood 1940 kaaba flood 1941 kaaba. "Kaaba Flood". Great Kaaba (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 March 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Saudi Arabia". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. p. 3662+. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.
- ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. pp. 140–161.
- ^ "Heavy flooding engulfs Grand Mosque in Mecca". Kabul Times. 11 February 1969.
- ^ Marwan M. Kraidy; Joe F. Khalil (2009). "Chronology". Arab Television Industries. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 153+. ISBN 978-1-84457-576-3.
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
Makkah
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b BBC News (28 August 2011). "Saudi Arabia Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
- ^ "Price of Progress: Transforming Islam's Holiest Site", New York Times, 8 March 2007
- ^ "Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
- ^ "Why do thousands want to show off Mecca on a chat app?", BBC News, 11 July 2015
- ^ "Snapchat opens digital window on Mecca to millions", al-Jazeera, 14 July 2015
Bibliography
edit- Published in 18th-19th centuries
- Carsten Niebuhr (1792). "Of the City of Mecca". Travels through Arabia. Translated by Robert Heron. Edinburgh: R. Morison and Son. hdl:2027/mdp.39015004297621 – via HathiTrust.
- Abraham Rees (1819), "Mecca", The Cyclopædia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, hdl:2027/mdp.39015054498178
- Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Mecca", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
- Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (1829). "(Mekka)". Travels in Arabia. London: H. Colburn. hdl:2027/mdp.39015010937236.
- Josiah Conder (1830), "Mekka", Arabia, The Modern Traveller, vol. 4, London: J.Duncan
- Richard Francis Burton (1855). Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah. 2. Vol. 1. Tylston and Edwards., v.2
- "Mecca". American Cyclopedia. D. Appleton & Company. 1879. hdl:2027/hvd.hn585p.
- Edward Balfour (1885), "Mecca", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch
- Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (1888). Mekka (in German). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
- Published in 20th century
- "Mecca", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901, hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t3bz6g65j
- Smith, William Robertson (1910). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 950–955.
- Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Mecca", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776 – via HathiTrust
- "Mecca". Encyclopædia of Islam. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1934. pp. 438+. ISBN 9004097910.
- Gerald de Gaury (1954). Rulers of Mecca. New York: Roy Publishers. (fulltext)
- Philip Khuri Hitti (1973). "Mecca". Capital Cities of Arab Islam. University of Minnesota Press. p. 3+. ISBN 978-0-8166-0663-4.
- Francis Edward Peters (1986). Jerusalem and Mecca: The Typology of the Holy City in the Near East. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6598-2.
- Patricia Crone (1987). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Princeton University Press.
- Francis Edward Peters. Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-03267-X (1994)
- Pam Hollister (1996). "Mecca". In Noelle Watson (ed.). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. UK: Routledge. pp. 483–486. ISBN 1884964036.
- Stefano Bianca (2000), "Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change", Urban Form in the Arab World, Zurich: ETH Zurich, ISBN 3728119725, 0500282056
- Marina A. Tolmacheva (2000). "Mecca". In John Block Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg (eds.). Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: an Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 387+. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9.
- Published in 21st century
- Josef W. Meri, ed. (2006). "Mecca". Medieval Islamic Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
- C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mecca". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 354+. ISBN 978-9004153882.
- Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Makkah", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
- Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009). "Mecca". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
- Ziauddin Sardar (2014). "Chronology". Mecca: The Sacred City. Bloomsbury. p. 365+. ISBN 978-1-62040-266-5.
External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Mecca.
- Map of Mecca, 1946
- "H.V. Weakley Photo Gallery: Pilgrimage, Mecca c1912" – via St Antony's College, Oxford, Middle East Centre Archive.
- "(Mecca)". Qatar Digital Library. Qatar National Library.
- Europeana. Items related to Mecca, various dates
- Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Mecca, various dates
- John Walker. "Calendar Converter". Fourmilab.