Wikipedia

Timeline of Solar System exploration

(Redirected from Timeline of planetary exploration)

This article is about listing events in a comprehensive list. For a timeline of first-ever achievements, see Timeline of space exploration.

This is a timeline of Solar System exploration ordering events in the exploration of the Solar System by date of spacecraft launch. It includes:

  • All spacecraft that have left Earth orbit for the purposes of Solar System exploration (or were launched with that intention but failed), including lunar probes.
  • A small number of pioneering or notable Earth-orbiting craft.[vague]
Charted timeline of Solar System exploration, as of December 2014

It does not include:

  • Centuries of terrestrial telescopic observation.
  • The great majority of Earth-orbiting satellites.
  • Space probes leaving Earth orbit that are not concerned with Solar System exploration (such as space telescopes targeted at distant galaxies, cosmic background radiation observatories, and so on).
  • Probes that failed at launch.

The dates listed are launch dates, but the achievements noted may have occurred some time later—in some cases, a considerable time later (for example, Voyager 2, launched 20 August 1977, did not reach Neptune until 1989).

1950s

edit
 
Sputnik 1 – First Earth orbiter
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
  Sputnik 1 4 October 1957 First Earth orbiter [1][2]
  Sputnik 2 3 November 1957 Earth orbiter, first animal in orbit, a dog named Laika [2][3][4]
  Explorer 1 1 February 1958 Earth orbiter; discovered Van Allen radiation belts [5]
  Vanguard 1 17 March 1958 Earth orbiter; oldest spacecraft still in Earth orbit [6]
  Luna 1 2 January 1959 First lunar flyby (attempted lunar impact?); first artificial satellite in heliocentric orbit. [7][8][9][10]
  Pioneer 4 3 March 1959 Lunar flyby [11][12]
  Luna 2 12 September 1959 First extraterrestrial impact and lunar impact, First artificial object on Moon [10][13]
  Luna 3 4 October 1959 Lunar flyby; First images of another celestial body taken from space, most notably, the far side of Moon [10][14]

1960s

edit
 
Vostok 1 – First crewed Earth orbiter
 
Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby
 
Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby
 
Luna 9 – First successful lunar lander
 
Zond 5 – First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first terrestrials to circle the Moon
 
Apollo 8 – First crewed lunar orbiter
 
Apollo 11 – First crewed lunar landing
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
  Pioneer 5 11 March 1960 Interplanetary space investigations [15][16]
  Venera 1 12 February 1961 First probe to another planet; Venus flyby (contact lost before flyby) [17][18][19]
  Vostok 1 12 April 1961 First crewed Earth orbiter (Yuri Gagarin) [20][21]
  Ranger 1 23 August 1961 Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit) [22][23][24]
  Ranger 2 18 November 1961 Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit) [24][25][26]
  Ranger 3 26 January 1962 Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon) [24][27][28]
  Ranger 4 23 April 1962 Lunar impact (but unintentionally became the first spacecraft to hit the lunar farside and returned no data) [24][29][30][31]
  Mariner 2 27 August 1962 First successful planetary encounter, First successful Venus flyby [32][33][34]
  Ranger 5 18 October 1962 Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon) [24][35][36]
  Mars 1 1 November 1962 First probe to Mars: flyby (contact lost) [37][38]
  Luna 4 2 April 1963 Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon) [39][40]
  Cosmos 21 11 November 1963 Attempted Venera test flight? [41]
  Ranger 6 30 January 1964 Lunar impact (cameras failed) [42][43]
  Zond 1 2 April 1964 Venus flyby (contact lost) [44][45][46]
  Ranger 7 28 July 1964 Lunar impact (success) [47][48][49]
  Voskhod 1 12 October 1964 First orbiter with multimember crew [50][51]
  Mariner 3 5 November 1964 Attempted Mars flyby (failed to attain correct trajectory) [52][53]
  Mariner 4 28 November 1964 First successful Mars flyby [54][55]
  Zond 2 30 November 1964 Mars flyby (contact lost) [46][56][57]
  Ranger 8 17 February 1965 Lunar impact [58][59]
  Voskhod 2 18 March 1965 First space walk, by Alexei Leonov [51][60]
  Ranger 9 21 March 1965 Lunar impact [61][62]
  Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1 6 May 1965 Oldest spacecraft still in use[citation needed] [63]
  Luna 5 9 May 1965 Lunar impact (attempted soft landing) [64]
  Luna 6 8 June 1965 Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon) [65]
  Zond 3 18 July 1965 Lunar flyby [46][66][67]
  Luna 7 4 October 1965 Lunar impact (attempted soft landing) [68]
  Venera 2 12 November 1965 Venus flyby (contact lost) [69][18]
  Venera 3 16 November 1965 Venus lander (contact lost) – First spacecraft to reach another planet's atmosphere and surface, First Venus impact [70][18]
  Luna 8 3 December 1965 Lunar impact (attempted soft landing?) [71]
  Pioneer 6 16 December 1965 "Space weather" observations [72][73][74][75]
  Luna 9 31 January 1966 First extraterrestrial lander and lunar lander [10][76]
  Luna 10 31 March 1966 First extraterrestrial orbiter and first lunar orbiter [77]
  Surveyor 1 30 May 1966 Lunar lander [78][79][80]
  Explorer 33 1 July 1966 Attempted lunar orbiter (failed to attain lunar orbit) [81][82]
  Lunar Orbiter 1 10 August 1966 Lunar orbiter [83][84][85]
  Pioneer 7 17 August 1966 "Space weather" observations [75][86][87]
  Luna 11 24 August 1966 Lunar orbiter [88]
  Surveyor 2 20 September 1966 Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon) [89][90]
  Luna 12 22 October 1966 Lunar orbiter [91]
  Lunar Orbiter 2 6 November 1966 Lunar orbiter [92][93]
  Luna 13 21 December 1966 Lunar lander [94]
  Lunar Orbiter 3 5 February 1967 Lunar orbiter [95][96]
  Surveyor 3 17 April 1967 Lunar lander [97][98]
  Lunar Orbiter 4 4 May 1967 Lunar orbiter [99][100]
  Venera 4 12 June 1967 First functioning extraterrestrial atmospheric probe (Venus) [18][101]
  Mariner 5 14 June 1967 Venus flyby [102][103]
  Surveyor 4 14 July 1967 Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon) [104][105]
  Explorer 35 (IMP-E) 19 July 1967 Lunar orbiter [106]
  Lunar Orbiter 5 1 August 1967 Lunar orbiter [85][107][108]
  Surveyor 5 8 September 1967 Lunar lander [109][110]
  Surveyor 6 7 November 1967 Lunar lander, first lift-off from an extraterrestrial body [79][111][112]
  Apollo 4 9 November 1967 Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed) [113]
  Pioneer 8 13 December 1967 "Space weather" observations [75][114][115]
  Surveyor 7 7 January 1968 Lunar lander [116][117]
  Apollo 5 22 January 1968 Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed) [118][119]
  Zond 4 2 March 1968 Lunar programme test flight out of Earth orbit (uncrewed) [46][120][121][122]
  Luna 14 7 April 1968 Lunar orbiter [123]
  Zond 5 14 September 1968 First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first life forms to circle the Moon [46][124][125][126][127]
  Apollo 7 11 October 1968 Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (crewed) [128][129]
  Pioneer 9 8 November 1968 "Space weather" observations [75][130][131]
  Zond 6 10 November 1968 Lunar flyby and return to Earth [46][132][133]
  Apollo 8 21 December 1968 First crewed spacecraft to leave Earth orbit, first crewed lunar orbiter [129][134][135]
  Venera 5 5 January 1969 Venus atmospheric probe [18][136]
  Venera 6 10 January 1969 Venus atmospheric probe [18][137]
  Mariner 6 25 February 1969 Mars flyby [138][139]
  Apollo 9 3 March 1969 Crewed lunar lander (LEM) flight test in Earth orbit [129][140]
  Mariner 7 27 March 1969 Mars flyby [141][142]
  Apollo 10 18 May 1969 Crewed lunar orbiter [129][143][144]
  Luna 15 13 July 1969 Second attempted lunar sample return [145][146]
  Apollo 11 16 July 1969 First crewed lunar landing and first successful sample return mission [147][148][149][150][151]
  Zond 7 7 August 1969 Lunar flyby and return to Earth [46][152][153]
  Apollo 12 14 November 1969 Crewed lunar landing [154][155][156]

1970s

edit
 
Mars 3 – First Mars lander
 
Pioneer 10 – First Jupiter flyby
 
Mariner 10 – First Mercury flyby
 
Voyager 2 – First Uranus/first Neptune flyby
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
  Apollo 13 11 April 1970 Crewed lunar flyby and return to Earth (crewed lunar landing aborted). Farthest from Earth a human has gone (401,056 km) [157][158][159][160]
  Venera 7 17 August 1970 First Venus lander and the first spacecraft to "soft" land on another planet (with some data returned from the surface) [18][161][162]
  Luna 16 12 September 1970 First robotic lunar sample return [10][163]
  Zond 8 20 October 1970 Lunar flyby and return to Earth [46][164][165]
  Luna 17/Lunokhod 1 10 November 1970 First remote controlled rover [10][166]
  Apollo 14 31 January 1971 Crewed lunar landing [167][168][169]
  Salyut 1 19 April 1971 First space station [170][171]
  Mars 2 19 May 1971 First Mars impact, Mars orbiter and attempted lander; First rover (Prop-M) sent to another planet (Mars) [172][173][174][175][176]
  Mars 3 28 May 1971 Mars orbiter, First Mars lander (first image taken from the surface of another planet, though the received image did not show anything); First rover (Prop-M) to be landed but not deployed on another planet (Mars) [177][178][179][180][181]
  Mariner 9 30 May 1971 First to orbit another planet (Mars) [182][183]
  Apollo 15 26 July 1971 Crewed lunar landing; First crewed lunar rover [129][184][185][186]
  Luna 18 2 September 1971 Attempted lunar sample return (crashed into Moon) [187][188]
  Luna 19 28 September 1971 Lunar orbiter [189]
  Luna 20 14 February 1972 Lunar robotic sample return [190]
  Pioneer 10 3 March 1972 First Jupiter flyby [191][192][74]
  Venera 8 27 March 1972 Venus lander [18][193][194]
  Apollo 16 16 April 1972 Crewed lunar landing [195][196][197]
  Apollo 17 7 December 1972 Last crewed lunar landing [198][199][200][201]
  Luna 21/Lunokhod 2 8 January 1973 Lunar rover [202]
  Pioneer 11 5 April 1973 Jupiter flyby and First Saturn flyby [74][203][204]
  Explorer 49 (RAE-B) 10 June 1973 Lunar orbiter/radio astronomy [205][206]
  Mars 4 21 July 1973 Mars flyby (attempted Mars orbiter) [207][208]
  Mars 5 25 July 1973 Mars orbiter [209][210]
  Mars 6 5 August 1973 Mars flyby and attempted lander (failed due to damage on Mars landing) [211][212]
  Mars 7 9 August 1973 Mars flyby and attempted lander (missed Mars) [213][214]
  Mariner 10 3 November 1973 Lunar and Venus flybys in addition to the First Mercury flyby [215][216][217][218]
  Luna 22 29 May 1974 Lunar orbiter [10][219]
  Luna 23 28 October 1974 Attempted lunar sample return (failed due to damage on lunar landing) [220]
    Helios-A 10 December 1974 Solar observations [221][222]
  Venera 9 8 June 1975 First Venus orbiter and lander; First successful images from the surface of another planet (Venus) [18][223][224][225]
  Venera 10 14 June 1975 Venus orbiter and lander [18][226][227][228]
  Viking 1 20 August 1975 Mars orbiter and lander; First clear pictures from Martian surface [229][230][231][232]
  Viking 2 9 September 1975 Mars orbiter and lander [232][233][234][235]
    Helios-B 15 January 1976 Solar observations [236][237]
  Luna 24 9 August 1976 Lunar robotic sample return [10][238]
  Voyager 2 20 August 1977 Jupiter/Saturn/first Uranus/first Neptune flyby [239][240][241]
  Voyager 1 5 September 1977 Jupiter/Saturn flyby, first to exit the heliosphere [241][242][243]
  Pioneer Venus 1 20 May 1978 Venus orbiter [244][245]
  Pioneer Venus 2 8 August 1978 Venus atmospheric probes [246][247]
    ISEE-3 12 August 1978 Solar wind investigations; later redesignated International Cometary Explorer and performed Comet Giacobini-Zinner and Comet Halley flybys – First comet flyby [248][249][250]
  Venera 11 9 September 1978 Venus flyby and lander [18][251][252][253]
  Venera 12 14 September 1978 Venus flyby and lander [18][254][255][256]

1980s

edit
 
Giotto – Comet Halley flyby
 
Galileo – Mission to Jupiter
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
  Venera 13 30 October 1981 Venus flyby and lander. First recording of sound on another planet. [18][257][258][259]
  Venera 14 4 November 1981 Venus flyby and lander [18][260][261][262]
  Venera 15 2 June 1983 Venus orbiter [18][263][264]
  Venera 16 7 June 1983 Venus orbiter [18][265][266]
  Vega 1 15 December 1984 Venus flyby, lander and first extraterrestrial aircraft (aerostat balloon); continued on to Comet Halley flyby [267][268][269][270][271]
  Vega 2 21 December 1984 Venus flyby, lander and balloon; continued on to Comet Halley flyby [271][272][273][274][275]
  Sakigake 8 January 1985 Comet Halley flyby [276][277]
  Giotto 2 July 1985 First close observation of comet (distance 596 kilometers), Comet Halley flyby [278][279][280]
  Suisei (Planet-A) 18 August 1985 Comet Halley flyby [281][282]
  Mir 19 February 1986 First modular space station (operational 1986–2000; final module added 1996) [283][284][285]
  Phobos 1 7 July 1988 Attempted Mars orbiter/Phobos landers (contact lost) [286][287]
  Phobos 2 12 July 1988 Mars orbiter/attempted Phobos landers (contact lost) [288][289]
  Magellan 4 May 1989 Venus orbiter [290][291]
  Galileo 18 October 1989 Venus flyby, first Asteroid flyby (Gaspra), first Asteroid moon discovery (Dactyl), first Jupiter orbiter, first Jupiter atmospheric probe [292][293][294][295]

1990s

edit
 
Mars Pathfinder – Mars lander and the first successful Mars rover, Sojourner
 
Cassini–Huygens – First Saturn orbiter and first Titan lander
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
  Hiten (MUSES-A) 24 January 1990 Lunar flyby and orbiter [296][297]
    Hubble Space Telescope 24 April 1990 Orbital space telescope (operational since 1990[needs update]) [298][299][300]
    Ulysses 6 October 1990 Solar polar orbiter [301][302][303]
    Yohkoh (Solar-A) 30 August 1991 Solar observations (1991–2001) [304][305]
  Mars Observer 25 September 1992 Attempted Mars orbiter (contact lost) [306][307]
  Clementine 25 January 1994 Lunar orbiter/attempted asteroid flyby (contact lost) [308][309][310]
  WIND 1 November 1994 Solar wind observations [311][312]
    SOHO 2 December 1995 Solar observatory (operational since 1996[needs update]) [313][314][315]
  NEAR Shoemaker 17 February 1996 Eros orbiter, first near-Earth asteroid flyby, first asteroid orbit and first asteroid landing [316][317][318]
  Mars Global Surveyor 7 November 1996 Mars orbiter [319][320]
  Mars 96 16 November 1996 Attempted Mars orbiter/landers (failed to escape Earth orbit) [321][322]
  Mars Pathfinder 4 December 1996 Mars lander and first successful planetary rover [323][324][325]
  ACE 25 August 1997 Solar wind and "space weather" observations (operational since 1998) [326][327]
      Cassini–Huygens 15 October 1997 First Saturn orbiter and first outer planet moon lander (on Titan) [328][329][330][331][332]
  Lunar Prospector 7 January 1998 Lunar orbiter [333][334]
  Nozomi (Planet-B) 3 July 1998 Attempted Mars orbiter (failed to enter Mars orbit) [335][336]
  Deep Space 1 (DS1) 24 October 1998 Asteroid and comet flyby [337][338]
           ISS 20 November 1998 International space station [339][340]
  Mars Climate Orbiter 11 December 1998 Attempted Mars orbiter (orbit insertion failed; entered atmosphere and was destroyed) [341][342]
  Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 (DS2) 3 January 1999 Attempted Mars lander/penetrators (contact lost) [343][344][345]
  Stardust 7 February 1999 First comet coma sample return (returned 15 January 2006) [346][347][348]

2000s

edit
 
Mars Express/Beagle 2 – First planetary mission by the ESA
 
MESSENGER – First Mercury orbiter
 
Chandrayaan-1 – Water Around Fresh Moon Crater
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
  2001 Mars Odyssey 7 April 2001 Mars orbiter [349][350]
  Genesis 8 August 2001 First solar wind sample return [351][352][353][354]
  CONTOUR 3 July 2002 Attempted flyby of comet nuclei (Encke, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3, and optionally a third one; lost in space) [355][356]
  Hayabusa (MUSES-C) 9 May 2003 Asteroid lander and first sample return from asteroid [357][358][359]
    Mars Express/Beagle 2 2 June 2003 Mars orbiter/attempted lander (lander failure) [360][361][362][363]
  Mars Exploration Rover Spirit 10 June 2003 Mars rover [364][365]
  Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity 8 July 2003 Mars rover [366][367]
  SMART-1 27 September 2003 Lunar orbiter [368][369]
  Rosetta/Philae 2 March 2004 Asteroid Šteins and Lutetia flybys; first comet orbiter and lander (Landed in November 2014) [370][371][372][373]
  MESSENGER 3 August 2004 First Mercury orbiter (Achieved orbit 18 March 2011) [374][375][376]
  Deep Impact 12 January 2005 Comet flyby and impact [377][378][379][380]
  Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 12 August 2005 Mars orbiter [381][382]
  Venus Express 9 November 2005 Venus polar orbiter [383][384]
  New Horizons 19 January 2006 First Pluto/Charon flyby (on 14 July 2015); continued on to 486958 Arrokoth flyby (on 1 January 2019) [385][386][387][388]
      Hinode (Solar-B) 22 September 2006 Solar orbiter [389][390]
  STEREO 26 October 2006 Two spacecraft, solar orbiters [391][392][393]
  Phoenix 4 August 2007 Mars polar lander (Mars landing on 25 May 2008) [394][395]
  SELENE (Kaguya) 14 September 2007 Lunar orbiters [396][397][398][399]
  Dawn 27 September 2007 Asteroid Ceres and Vesta orbiter (Entered orbit around Vesta on 16 July 2011 and around Ceres on 6 March 2015) [400][401][402]
  Chang'e 1 24 October 2007 Lunar orbiter [403][404][405]
  Chandrayaan-1 22 October 2008 Lunar orbiter and impactor; discovered water on the Moon [406][407][408]
  Herschel Space Observatory 14 May 2009 Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point [409][410]
  Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/LCROSS 18 June 2009 Lunar polar orbiter and lunar impactor [411][412][413][414]
  WISE (NEOWISE) 14 December 2009 Infrared survey of celestial sky (WISE mission); later Near-Earth object survey (NEOWISE mission) [415][416][417]

2010s

edit
 
Mars Science Laboratory – Mars lander and large rover
 
Mangalyaan – First Indian Mars orbiter
 
Trace Gas Orbiter – ESA/Roscosmos Mars orbiter
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
  Solar Dynamics Observatory 11 February 2010 Continuous solar monitoring [418][419]
  Akatsuki (Planet-C) 20 May 2010 Venus orbiter (orbit insertion failed in 2010 / successful orbit insertion on 7 December 2015) [420][421][422]
  PICARD 15 June 2010 Solar monitoring [423][424]
  Chang'e 2 1 October 2010 Lunar orbiter, asteroid 4179 Toutatis flyby [405][425][426]
  Juno 5 August 2011 Jupiter orbiter [427][428]
  GRAIL 10 September 2011 Two spacecraft, Lunar orbiters [429][430][431]
    Fobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1 8 November 2011 Attempted Phobos sample return and Mars orbiter, respectively; both failed to escape Earth orbit [432][433]
  Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover) 26 November 2011 Mars rover (landed 6 August 2012) [434][435]
  Van Allen Probes (RBSP) 30 August 2012 Earth Van Allen radiation belts study [436][437][438]
  IRIS 28 June 2013 Solar observations [439]
  LADEE 7 September 2013 Lunar orbiter [440][441]
  Hisaki 14 September 2013 Planetary atmosphere observatory [442]
  Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) 5 November 2013 Mars orbiter [443][444][445]
  MAVEN 18 November 2013 Mars orbiter [446][447]
  Chang'e 3 1 December 2013 Lunar lander and rover (first lander since Soviet Luna 24 in 1976) [405][448][449][450]
  Chang'e 5-T1 23 October 2014 Circumlunar mission and Earth reentry; technology demonstration to prepare for Chang'e 5 mission [451]
      Hayabusa2 / MASCOT 3 December 2014 Asteroid lander and sample return (sample returned 5 December 2020), first asteroid rover [359][452][453]
  PROCYON 3 December 2014 Comet observer and attempted asteroid flyby (engine failure) [454]
  DSCOVR 11 February 2015 Solar observation [455][456]
    ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and EDM lander 14 March 2016 Mars orbiter and attempted lander (lander failure) [457][458]
  OSIRIS-REx 8 September 2016 Asteroid sample return mission (sample returned 24 September 2023[needs update]) [459][460]
  InSight 5 May 2018 Mars lander [461][462]
  Queqiao 20 May 2018 Relay satellite for Chang'e 4 in Halo orbit around Earth–Moon L2 Lagrange point [463]
  Parker Solar Probe 12 August 2018 Solar corona probe, closest solar approach (0.04 AU) [464][465]
    BepiColombo 19 October 2018 Two Mercury orbiters (orbit insertion planned in December 2025) [466][467]
  Chang'e 4 7 December 2018 Lunar lander and rover, first landing on the lunar far side [405][468][469]
  Beresheet 22 February 2019 Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon) [470][471]
  Chandrayaan-2 22 July 2019 Lunar orbiter; attempted lander and rover (contact lost during final stage of descent) [472][473]

2020s

edit
 
NASA's Perseverance rover
Mission name Launch date Description Ref(s)
  Solar Orbiter 10 February 2020 Sun-observing satellite [474][475][476]
  Mars Hope 19 July 2020 Mars orbiter [477]
  Tianwen-1 (Zhurong rover) 23 July 2020 Mars orbiter, lander, and rover [478]
  Mars 2020 (Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter) 30 July 2020 Mars rover and helicopter drone; first powered flight on another planet [479][480][481]
  Chang'e 5 23 November 2020 Lunar sample return [405][482]
  Lucy 16 October 2021 Flyby of six Jupiter trojans and two main belt asteroids [483][484]
    DART / LICIACube 24 November 2021 Asteroid 65803 Didymos flyby, asteroid moon Dimorphos impactor [485][486]
      James Webb Space Telescope 25 December 2021 Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2 [487][488]
  CAPSTONE 28 June 2022 Lunar orbiter [489]
    Danuri (KPLO) 5 August 2022 Lunar orbiter [490]
  Artemis 1 and 10 cubesats 16 November 2022 Uncrewed lunar orbital test of Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System. The cubesats are launched as rideshares and will execute their own missions. [491]
    Hakuto-R Mission 1 (Rashid rover) and Lunar Flashlight 11 December 2022 Lunar lander technology demonstration, lunar rover, and lunar orbiter launched together (crashed into Moon) [492][493][494]
  JUICE 14 April 2023 Jupiter/Ganymede orbiter [495]
  Chandrayaan-3 14 July 2023 Lunar orbiter, lander and rover; first soft landing near the lunar South Pole [496][497]
  Luna 25 10 August 2023 Attempted lunar south pole lander (crashed into Moon) [498][499]
  Aditya-L1 2 September 2023 Sun-observing spacecraft at Sun–Earth L1 [500]
  SLIM (LEV-1, LEV-2) 6 September 2023 Lunar flyby, lander and rovers [501][502]
  Psyche 13 October 2023 Asteroid 16 Psyche orbiter [503]
  Peregrine Mission One (including Iris and Colmena rovers) 8 January 2024 Lunar lander and rovers (landing precluded) [504]
  IM-1 Nova-C Odysseus (including EagleCam deployable camera) 15 February 2024 Lunar landers [505]
  DRO A/B 13 March 2024 Lunar orbiters [506]
  Queqiao-2 (including Tiandu-1 and 2) 20 March 2024 Lunar orbiters [507]
  Chang'e 6 (including Pakistan's ICUBE-Q cubesat) 3 May 2024 Lunar sample return, rover and orbiters; first sample return from the lunar far side [508][509]
  Hera (3 orbiters) 7 October 2024 Asteroid 65803 Didymos rendezvous [510]
  Europa Clipper 14 October 2024 Jupiter orbiter, Europa multiple flyby [511][512][513]

Planned or scheduled

edit
Main article: List of proposed Solar System spacecraft

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Sputnik 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Sputnik | satellites". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  3. ^ "Sputnik 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  4. ^ Garcia, Mark (6 November 2017). "60 years ago: The First Animal in Orbit". NASA. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  5. ^ "Explorer 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  6. ^ "Vanguard 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  7. ^ "Luna 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  8. ^ Cavallaro, Umberto (5 October 2018). The Race to the Moon Chronicled in Stamps, Postcards, and Postmarks: A Story of Puffery vs. the Pragmatic. Springer. p. 46. ISBN 9783319921532.
  9. ^ JR, Wesley T. Huntress; Marov, Mikhail Ya (28 June 2011). Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 77. ISBN 9781441978981. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h "Luna | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  11. ^ "Pioneer 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  12. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  13. ^ "Luna 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  14. ^ "Luna 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  15. ^ "Pioneer 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  16. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  17. ^ "Venera 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Venera | Soviet space probes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  19. ^ Wright, John (23 May 2006). The New York Times Almanac 2002. Routledge. p. 1649. ISBN 9781135455866. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  20. ^ "Vostok 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  21. ^ "Vostok | Soviet spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  22. ^ "Ranger 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  23. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  24. ^ a b c d e "Ranger | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  25. ^ "Ranger 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  26. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  27. ^ "Ranger 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  28. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  29. ^ Williamson, Mark (1998). "Protecting the space environment: Are we doing enough?". Space Policy. 14 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6.
  30. ^ "Ranger 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  31. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  32. ^ "Mariner 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  33. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 02". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  34. ^ "Missions to Venus and Mercury". www.planetary.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  35. ^ "Ranger 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  36. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  37. ^ "Mars 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  38. ^ "In Depth | Mars 01". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  39. ^ "Luna 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  40. ^ "In Depth | Luna 04". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  41. ^ "Cosmos 21". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  42. ^ "Ranger 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  43. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 6". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  44. ^ "Zond 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  45. ^ "In Depth | Zond 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h "Zond | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  47. ^ "Ranger 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  48. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 7". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  49. ^ "Image of the Moon taken by a Ranger 7". NSAS NSSDC Image Catalog. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  50. ^ "Voskhod 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  51. ^ a b "Voskhod | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  52. ^ "Mariner 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  53. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 03". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  54. ^ "Mariner 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  55. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 04". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  56. ^ "Zond 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  57. ^ "In Depth | Zond 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  58. ^ "Ranger 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  59. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 8". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  60. ^ "Voskhod 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  61. ^ "Ranger 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  62. ^ "In Depth | Ranger 9". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  63. ^ "LCS 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  64. ^ "Luna 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  65. ^ "Luna 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  66. ^ "Zond 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  67. ^ "In Depth | Zond 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  68. ^ "Luna 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  69. ^ "Venera 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  70. ^ "Venera 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  71. ^ "Luna 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  72. ^ "Pioneer 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  73. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 06". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  74. ^ a b c "Pioneer | space probes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  75. ^ a b c d American Astronautical Society (23 August 2010). Space Exploration and Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 244. ISBN 9781851095193. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  76. ^ "Luna 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  77. ^ "Luna 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  78. ^ "Surveyor 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  79. ^ a b "Surveyor | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  80. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  81. ^ "Explorer 33". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  82. ^ "In Depth | Explorer 33". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  83. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  84. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 1". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  85. ^ a b "Lunar Orbiter | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  86. ^ "Pioneer 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  87. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 07". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  88. ^ "Luna 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  89. ^ "Surveyor 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  90. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  91. ^ "Luna 12". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  92. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  93. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 2". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  94. ^ "Luna 13". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  95. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  96. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  97. ^ "Surveyor 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  98. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 3". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  99. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  100. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  101. ^ "Venera 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  102. ^ "Mariner 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  103. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 05". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  104. ^ "Surveyor 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  105. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  106. ^ "Explorer 35". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  107. ^ "Lunar Orbiter 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  108. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  109. ^ "Surveyor 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  110. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  111. ^ "Surveyor 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  112. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 6". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  113. ^ "Apollo 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  114. ^ "Pioneer 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  115. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 08". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  116. ^ "Surveyor 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  117. ^ "In Depth | Surveyor 7". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  118. ^ "Apollo 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  119. ^ "Apollo 5 LM-1/Descent". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  120. ^ "Zond 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  121. ^ "In Depth | Zond 4". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  122. ^ Wong, Michael (6 March 2018). "50 Years Ago: Zond 4 launched successfully". NASA. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  123. ^ "Luna 14". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  124. ^ "Zond 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  125. ^ "In Depth | Zond 5". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  126. ^ Mars, Kelli (18 September 2018). "50 Years Ago: On the Way to the Moon". NASA. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019. the first living organisms to have made a circumlunar flight
  127. ^ Greeley, R. (17 April 2013). Planetary Landscapes. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 20. ISBN 9781475722932. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  128. ^ "Apollo 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  129. ^ a b c d e "Apollo | History, Missions, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  130. ^ "Pioneer 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  131. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 09". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  132. ^ "Zond 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  133. ^ "In Depth | Zond 6". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  134. ^ "Apollo 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  135. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 8". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  136. ^ "Venera 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  137. ^ "Venera 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  138. ^ "Mariner 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  139. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 06". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  140. ^ "Apollo 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  141. ^ "Mariner 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  142. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 07". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  143. ^ "Apollo 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  144. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 10". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  145. ^ "Luna 15". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  146. ^ "In Depth | Luna 15". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  147. ^ "Apollo 11 | Facts & Pictures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  148. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 11". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  149. ^ "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  150. ^ "Apollo 11 Lunar Module / EASEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  151. ^ "Apollo 11 Lunar Sample Overview". www.lpi.usra.edu. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  152. ^ "Zond 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  153. ^ "In Depth | Zond 7". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  154. ^ "Apollo 12 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  155. ^ "Apollo 12 Lunar Module / ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  156. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 12". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  157. ^ "Apollo 13 | United States spaceflight". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  158. ^ "Apollo 13 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  159. ^ "Apollo 13 Lunar Module/ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  160. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 13". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  161. ^ "Venera 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  162. ^ "In Depth | Venera 7". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  163. ^ "Luna 16". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  164. ^ "Zond 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  165. ^ "In Depth | Zond 8". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  166. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (20 December 2016). "Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover". Space.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  167. ^ "Apollo 14 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  168. ^ "Apollo 14 Lunar Module /ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  169. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 14". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  170. ^ "Salyut 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  171. ^ "Salyut | History & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  172. ^ "Mars 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  173. ^ "Mars 2 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  174. ^ "In Depth | Mars 02". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  175. ^ Coletta, Damon; Pilch, Frances T. (16 October 2009). Space and Defense Policy. Routledge. p. 428. ISBN 9781135969653. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  176. ^ Genta, Giancarlo (30 December 2016). Next Stop Mars: The Why, How, and When of Human Missions. Springer. p. 219. ISBN 9783319443119. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  177. ^ "Mars 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  178. ^ "Mars 3 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  179. ^ "In Depth | Mars 03". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  180. ^ "Mars - Spacecraft exploration". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  181. ^ "NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019. Mars 3 became the first successful soft landing on the Red Planet, but stopped transmitting after just 14.5 seconds for unknown reasons.
  182. ^ "Mariner 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  183. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 09". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  184. ^ "Apollo 15 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  185. ^ "Apollo 15 Lunar Module /ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  186. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 15". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  187. ^ "Luna 18". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  188. ^ "In Depth | Luna 18". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  189. ^ "Luna 19". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  190. ^ "Luna 20". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  191. ^ "Pioneer 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  192. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 10". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  193. ^ "Venera 8". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  194. ^ "In Depth | Venera 8". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  195. ^ "Apollo 16 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  196. ^ "Apollo 16 Lunar Module /ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  197. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 16". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  198. ^ "Apollo 17 | Overview & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  199. ^ "Apollo 17 Command and Service Module (CSM)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  200. ^ "Apollo 17 Lunar Module /ALSEP". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  201. ^ "In Depth | Apollo 17". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  202. ^ "Luna 21/Lunokhod 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  203. ^ "Pioneer 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  204. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer 11". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  205. ^ "RAE-B". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  206. ^ "In Depth | Explorer 49". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  207. ^ "Mars 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  208. ^ "In Depth | Mars 04". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  209. ^ "Mars 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  210. ^ "In Depth | Mars 05". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  211. ^ "Mars 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  212. ^ "In Depth | Mars 06". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  213. ^ "Mars 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  214. ^ "In Depth | Mars 07". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  215. ^ "Ch5". Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  216. ^ "Mariner 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  217. ^ "In Depth | Mariner 10". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  218. ^ "Mariner | United States space probes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  219. ^ "Luna 22". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  220. ^ "Luna 23". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  221. ^ "Helios-A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  222. ^ "In Depth | Helios 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  223. ^ "Venera 9". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  224. ^ "Venera 9 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  225. ^ "In Depth | Venera 9". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  226. ^ "Venera 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  227. ^ "Venera 10 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  228. ^ "In Depth | Venera 10". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  229. ^ "Viking 1 Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  230. ^ "Viking 1 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  231. ^ "In Depth | Viking 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  232. ^ a b "Viking | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  233. ^ "Viking 2 Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  234. ^ "Viking 2 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  235. ^ "In Depth | Viking 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  236. ^ "Helios-B". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  237. ^ "Helios 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  238. ^ "Luna 24". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  239. ^ "Voyager 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  240. ^ "In Depth | Voyager 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  241. ^ a b "Voyager | Definition, Discoveries, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  242. ^ "Voyager 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  243. ^ "In Depth | Voyager 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  244. ^ "Pioneer Venus Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  245. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer Venus 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  246. ^ "Pioneer Venus Probe Bus". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  247. ^ "In Depth | Pioneer Venus 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  248. ^ "ISEE 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  249. ^ "In Depth | ISEE-3/ICE". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  250. ^ "ISEE-3/ICE". stardust.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  251. ^ "Venera 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  252. ^ "Venera 11 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  253. ^ "In Depth | Venera 11". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  254. ^ "Venera 12". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  255. ^ "Venera 12 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  256. ^ "In Depth | Venera 12". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  257. ^ "Venera 13". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  258. ^ "Venera 13 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  259. ^ "In Depth | Venera 13". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  260. ^ "Venera 14". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  261. ^ "Venera 14 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  262. ^ "In Depth | Venera 14". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  263. ^ "Venera 15". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  264. ^ "In Depth | Venera 15". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  265. ^ "Venera 16". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  266. ^ "In Depth | Venera 16". Solar System Exploration: NASA Science. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  267. ^ "Vega 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  268. ^ "Vega 1 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  269. ^ "Vega 1 Balloon". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  270. ^ "In Depth | Vega 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  271. ^ a b "Vega 1 & 2". stardust.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 24 October 1997. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  272. ^ "Vega 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  273. ^ "Vega 2 Descent Craft". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  274. ^ "Vega 2 Balloon". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  275. ^ "In Depth | Vega 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  276. ^ "Sakigake". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  277. ^ "In Depth | Sakigake". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  278. ^ "Giotto". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  279. ^ "In Depth | Giotto". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  280. ^ "Giotto". stardust.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  281. ^ "Suisei". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  282. ^ "In Depth | Suisei". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  283. ^ "Mir". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  284. ^ "Mir | Description, Launch, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  285. ^ Hamilton, John (15 December 2018). Space Stations and Beyond. ABDO. p. 30. ISBN 9781532171598. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  286. ^ "Phobos 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  287. ^ "In Depth | Fobos 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  288. ^ "Phobos 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  289. ^ "In Depth | Fobos 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  290. ^ "Magellan". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  291. ^ "In Depth | Magellan". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  292. ^ "Galileo Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  293. ^ "Galileo Probe". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  294. ^ "Galileo - In Depth". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  295. ^ "In Depth | Galileo Probe". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  296. ^ "Hiten". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  297. ^ "In Depth | Hiten / Hagoromo". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  298. ^ "In Depth | Hubble Space Telescope". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  299. ^ "HST". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  300. ^ "Hubble Space Telescope | History, Discoveries, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  301. ^ "Ulysses". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  302. ^ "In Depth | Ulysses". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  303. ^ "Ulysses | European-United States space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  304. ^ "Yohkoh". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  305. ^ "Yohkoh | Japanese satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  306. ^ "Mars Observer". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  307. ^ "In Depth | Mars Observer". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  308. ^ "Clementine". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  309. ^ "In Depth | Clementine". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  310. ^ "Clementine | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  311. ^ "Wind". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  312. ^ "In Depth | Wind". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  313. ^ "SOHO". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  314. ^ "In Depth | SOHO". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  315. ^ "Solar and Heliospheric Observatory | satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  316. ^ "NEAR Shoemaker". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  317. ^ "In Depth | NEAR Shoemaker". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  318. ^ "Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Shoemaker | spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  319. ^ "Mars Global Surveyor". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  320. ^ "In Depth | Mars Global Surveyor". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  321. ^ "Mars 96 Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  322. ^ "In Depth | Mars 08/Mars 96". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  323. ^ "Mars Pathfinder". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  324. ^ "Mars Pathfinder Rover". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  325. ^ "In Depth | Mars Pathfinder". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  326. ^ "ACE". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  327. ^ "In Depth | ACE". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  328. ^ "Cassini-Huygens | Facts, Dates, & Images". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  329. ^ "Cassini". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  330. ^ "Huygens". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  331. ^ "Overview | Cassini". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  332. ^ "In Depth | Huygens". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  333. ^ "Lunar Prospector". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  334. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Prospector". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  335. ^ "Nozomi". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  336. ^ "In Depth | Nozomi". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  337. ^ "Deep Space 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  338. ^ "In Depth | Deep Space 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  339. ^ "International Space Station". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 April 2019. As of November, 1998 the global participants, in addition to the United States, included Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, and ESA (Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland).
  340. ^ "International Space Station | Facts, Missions, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Aside from the United States and Russia, station construction involved Canada, Japan, Brazil, and 11 ESA members.
  341. ^ "Mars Climate Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  342. ^ "In Depth | Mars Climate Orbiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  343. ^ "Mars Polar Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  344. ^ "Deep Space 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  345. ^ "In Depth | Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  346. ^ "Stardust/NExT". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  347. ^ "Stardust Sample Return Capsule". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  348. ^ "In Depth | Stardust". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  349. ^ "2001 Mars Odyssey". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  350. ^ "In Depth | Mars Odyssey". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  351. ^ "Genesis". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  352. ^ "In Depth | Genesis". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  353. ^ "Genesis | United States spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  354. ^ "Genesis". www.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  355. ^ "CONTOUR". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  356. ^ "In Depth | CONTOUR". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  357. ^ "Hayabusa". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  358. ^ "In Depth | Hayabusa". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  359. ^ a b "Hayabusa | Spacecraft, Missions, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  360. ^ "Mars Express". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  361. ^ "Beagle 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  362. ^ "In Depth | Mars Express". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  363. ^ "In Depth | Beagle 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  364. ^ "Spirit". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  365. ^ "In Depth | Spirit". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  366. ^ "Opportunity". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  367. ^ "In Depth | Opportunity". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  368. ^ "SMART 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  369. ^ "In Depth | SMART-1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  370. ^ "Rosetta". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  371. ^ "Philae". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  372. ^ "In Depth | Rosetta & Philae". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  373. ^ "Rosetta | European Space Agency spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  374. ^ "MESSENGER". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  375. ^ "In Depth | MESSENGER". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  376. ^ "Messenger | United States spacecraft". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  377. ^ "Deep Impact/EPOXI". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  378. ^ "Deep Impact Impactor (DII) Vehicle". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  379. ^ "In Depth | Deep Impact (EPOXI)". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  380. ^ "Deep Impact | space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  381. ^ "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  382. ^ "In Depth | Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  383. ^ "Venus Express". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  384. ^ "In Depth | Venus Express". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  385. ^ "New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Flyby". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  386. ^ "In Depth | New Horizons". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  387. ^ "New Horizons | Discoveries & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  388. ^ Chang, Kenneth (18 July 2015). "The Long, Strange Trip to Pluto, and How NASA Nearly Missed It". New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  389. ^ "Hinode". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  390. ^ "Hinode | satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  391. ^ "STEREO A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  392. ^ "STEREO B". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  393. ^ "In Depth | STEREO A & B". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  394. ^ "Phoenix Mars Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  395. ^ "In Depth | Phoenix". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  396. ^ "Kaguya". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  397. ^ "Okina". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  398. ^ "Ouna". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  399. ^ "In Depth | Kaguya". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  400. ^ "Dawn". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  401. ^ "In Depth | Dawn". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  402. ^ "Dawn | United States satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  403. ^ "Chang'e 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  404. ^ "In Depth | Chang'e 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  405. ^ a b c d e "Chang'e | Missions & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  406. ^ "Chandrayaan 1 Lunar Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  407. ^ "In Depth | Chandrayaan 1". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  408. ^ "Chandrayaan-1 | Indian space probe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  409. ^ "Herschel Space Observatory". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  410. ^ "In Depth | Herschel". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  411. ^ "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  412. ^ "Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  413. ^ "In Depth | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  414. ^ "In Depth | LCROSS". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  415. ^ "WISE". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  416. ^ "In Depth | WISE/NEOWISE". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  417. ^ "Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer | United States satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  418. ^ "Solar Dynamics Observatory". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  419. ^ "Solar Dynamics Observatory | United States satellite". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  420. ^ "Akatsuki". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  421. ^ "In Depth | Akatsuki". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  422. ^ "Akatsuki | Mission & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  423. ^ "Picard". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  424. ^ "Picard". Picard. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  425. ^ "Chang'e 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  426. ^ "In Depth | Chang'e 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  427. ^ "Juno". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  428. ^ "In Depth | Juno". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  429. ^ "Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory-A (GRAIL)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  430. ^ "Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory-B (GRAIL)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  431. ^ "In Depth | GRAIL". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  432. ^ "Phobos-Grunt". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  433. ^ "Yinghuo-1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  434. ^ "Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  435. ^ "In Depth | Curiosity (MSL)". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  436. ^ "Van Allen Probe A (RBSP-A)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  437. ^ "Van Allen Probe B (RBSP-B)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  438. ^ "Van Allen Probes". vanallenprobes.jhuapl.edu. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  439. ^ "Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  440. ^ "Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  441. ^ "In Depth | LADEE". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  442. ^ "Hisaki". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  443. ^ "Mangalyaan". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  444. ^ "In Depth | Mars Orbiter Mission". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  445. ^ "Mars Orbiter Mission | Indian space mission". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  446. ^ "Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  447. ^ "In Depth | MAVEN". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  448. ^ "Chang'e 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  449. ^ "Chang'e 3 Rover". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  450. ^ "In Depth | Chang'e 3". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  451. ^ "Chang'e 5-T1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  452. ^ "Hayabusa 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  453. ^ "In Depth | Hayabusa 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  454. ^ "PROCYON". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  455. ^ "DSCOVR". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  456. ^ "In Depth | DSCOVR". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  457. ^ "ExoMars 2016". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  458. ^ "In Depth | ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  459. ^ "OSIRIS-REx". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  460. ^ "In Depth | OSIRIS-REx". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  461. ^ "InSight". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  462. ^ "In Depth | InSight". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  463. ^ "Queqiao". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  464. ^ "Parker Solar Probe". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  465. ^ "In Depth | Parker Solar Probe". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  466. ^ "BepiColombo". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  467. ^ "In Depth | BepiColombo". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  468. ^ "Chang'e 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  469. ^ "In Depth | Chang'e 4". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  470. ^ "Beresheet". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  471. ^ "In Depth | Beresheet". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  472. ^ "Chandrayaan 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  473. ^ "In Depth | Chandrayaan 2". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  474. ^ "Solar Orbiter". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  475. ^ "ESA Science & Technology - Solar Orbiter". sci.esa.int. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  476. ^ "ESA - Solar Orbiter". www.esa.int. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  477. ^ "Emirates Mars Mission (Hope)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  478. ^ "Tianwen 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  479. ^ "MARS 2020". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  480. ^ "In Depth | Mars 2020 Rover". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  481. ^ "Mars 2020 Rover". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  482. ^ "Chang'e 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  483. ^ "Lucy". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  484. ^ "In Depth | Lucy". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  485. ^ "Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  486. ^ "In Depth | DART". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  487. ^ "James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  488. ^ "In Depth | James Webb Space Telescope". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  489. ^ "CAPSTONE". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  490. ^ "Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  491. ^ "Artemis 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  492. ^ "ispace Begins Final Assembly of Lunar Lander Flight Model Ahead of First Mission". ispace. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  493. ^ Foust, Jeff (28 October 2021). "U.A.E. examining options for future human spaceflight missions". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  494. ^ "MBRSC Teams Up with Japan's ispace on Emirates Lunar Mission". ispace. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  495. ^ "JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE)". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  496. ^ "Chandrayaan 3". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  497. ^ "Chandrayaan-3". ISRO. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  498. ^ "Luna 25". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  499. ^ "Запуск первой в истории современной России миссии на Луну запланировали на 11 августа" [The launch of the first mission to the Moon in the history of modern Russia was scheduled for August 11]. TASS (in Russian). 5 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  500. ^ "Aditya-L1". ISRO. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  501. ^ "SLIM". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  502. ^ "SLIM". JAXA. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  503. ^ "NASA Continues Psyche Asteroid Mission". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  504. ^ McCrea, Aaron (8 January 2024). "Vulcan successfully launches Peregrine lunar lander on inaugural flight". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  505. ^ "Status of Nova C (IM-1) Launch Time". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  506. ^ Jones, Andrew (14 March 2024). "Surprise Chinese lunar mission hit by launch anomaly". SpaceNews. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  507. ^ "China launches Queqiao-2 relay satellite to support moon missions". Space.com. 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  508. ^ Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  509. ^ Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  510. ^ "Industry starts work on Europe's Hera planetary defence mission". ESA. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  511. ^ "Europa Clipper". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  512. ^ Foust, Jeff (10 February 2021). "NASA to use commercial launch vehicle for Europa Clipper". SpaceNews. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  513. ^ "Cost growth prompts changes to Europa Clipper instruments". SpaceNews. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020. Chodas said that Europa Clipper now has a launch readiness date of 2024, a year later than plans announced last year.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration&oldid=1251140087"