Wikipedia

Timeline of the Arab Spring

2010

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December

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Protests arose in Tunisia following Mohamed Bouazizi's self-immolation.[1][2]

On 29 December, protests begin in Algeria[3]

2011

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January

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Protests arose in Oman, Yemen, Jordan, Egypt, Syria, & Morocco.

The government was overthrown in Tunisia on 14 January 2011.[4]

On 25 January 2011, thousands of protesters in Egypt gathered in Tahrir Square, in Cairo. They demanded the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak. [5]

February

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On 1 February, King Abdullah II of Jordan dismisses Prime Minister Samir Rifai and his cabinet.[6]

On 3 February, the President of Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika promised to lift the 19-year-old state of emergency.[7][8][9]

On 11 February, the President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak resigned, and transferred his powers to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.[10]

On 12 February, protests erupt in Iraq[11]

On 14 February, the protests in Bahrain started, and were initially aimed at achieving greater political freedom and respect for human rights; they were not intended to directly threaten the monarchy.[12][13]

On 15 February protests broke out against Muammar Gaddafi's regime in Benghazi, Libya, starting the uprising that would soon turn into the Libyan Civil War.[14][15]

On 17 February, the police raid the Pearl Roundabout in Manama, where protesters were protesting, four protesters were killed.[16][17][18][19]

On 19 February, protests erupt in Kuwait.[20]

On 26 February, Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said of Oman makes some economic concessions.

March

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On 3 March, the former Prime Minister of Egypt, Ahmed Shafik, also resigned, after protests.[21]

On 13 March, Sultan love salma esa promises to grant lawmaking powers to Oman's elected legislature.[22][23]

On 14 March, GCC forces (composed mainly of Saudi and UAE troops) were requested by the government of Bahrain and they occupied the country.[24][25]

On 15 March, uprisings began in Syria.

On 18 March, the government of Bahrain tore down Pearl Roundabout monument.[26]

April

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On April, King Abdullah of Jordan creates the Royal Committee to Review the Constitution with directions to review the Constitution in accordance with calls for reform.[27]

June

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On 3 June, the President of Yemen Ali Abdullah Saleh was injured in a failed assassination attempt. He temporarily made his Vice President, Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi, the Acting President of the nation.[28]

On June, the Constitutional Court of Kuwait declared that the February 2012 National Assembly election was "illegal" and reinstated the previous pro-government parliament.

On 26 June, thousands of Kuwaitis rally in Al-Erada Square to protest against a court ruling that dissolved the opposition-dominated parliament.[29]

July

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On 1 July, a constitutional referendum is held in Morocco.[30]

August

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Between 20 and 28 August, the Battle of Tripoli, occurred, in Libya. Rebel forces captured, and effectively gained control of, the capital city of Tripoli, therefore practically overthrowing the government of the dictator Muammar Gaddafi.[31]

On 27 August, around 3,000 people, mainly men in traditional Kuwaiti dress, gathered opposite parliament at Al-Erada Square to protest changes to the electoral law.[32]

September

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On 30 September, Abdullah II approves changes to all 42 articles of the Constitution.[citation needed]

October

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On 9 and 10 October, Coptic Christians in Egypt protested against the destruction of a church. The Army responded by attacking the protesters with tanks, killing many.[33]

On 20 October, Muammar Gaddafi was captured and killed, by rebels, in the city of Sirte.[34] On 23 October, the National Transitional Council (NTC) officially declared an end to the 2011 Libyan Civil War.[35]

On 24 October, Abdullah II dismisses Prime Minister Marouf al-Bakhit and his cabinet.

November

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On 19 November, Muammar Gaddafi's son, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, was finally captured, after hiding in Nigeria.[36]

Between 19 and 21 November, many people once again protested in Cairo's Tahrir Square, demanding that the SCAF speed up the transition to a more civilian government. Clashes between protesters and soldiers then proceeded to happen, and many people were injured or killed.[37][38]

On 23 November, the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry released its report on its investigation of the events, finding that the government had systematically tortured prisoners and committed other human rights violations. It also rejected the government's claims that the protests were instigated by Iran.

On 28 November, Kuwait Prime Minister Nasser Al-Sabah resigns.[39][40]

December

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On 20 December, many women protested in Egypt against human rights violations.[41]

2012

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January

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On 10 January, the President of Syria, Bashar al-Assad, gave a speech, in which he blamed the uprising on foreigners, and said that it would require the co-operation of all Syrians, in order to stop the rebels.

On 24 January, the Egyptian Field Marshal and leader of the military, Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, announced that the decades-old state of emergency would be partially lifted, the following day.[42]

February

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Starting on 3 February, the Syrian government began an attack on the city of Homs.[43]

On 27 February, the President of Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, officially resigned, and then transferred his powers to his Vice President, Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi.[44]

April

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On 20 April, many people once again protested in Cairo's Tahrir Square, demanding a quicker transfer of power to a new president.[45]

May

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On 2 May, as the protests continue, Awn Al-Khasawneh resigned,[46] and the King appoints Fayez Tarawneh as the new prime minister of Jordan.[47]

On 23 & 24 May, the Egyptian people voted in the first round of a presidential election. Ahmed Shafik and Mohammed Morsi were the two winners, of this election.[48]

On 25 May, the Syrian government carried out a massacre in Houla, killing 108 people.[49]

June

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On 2 June, the former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak was sentenced to life in prison, by an Egyptian court.

On 13 June, the former Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was sentenced to prison, by a Tunisian court.

On 16 & 17 June, the Egyptian people voted in the 2nd round of a presidential run-off election, in which Mohammed Morsi received the most votes.[48]

On 24 June 2012, Egypt's election commission announced that Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Morsi had won Egypt's presidential runoff. Morsi won by a narrow margin over Ahmed Shafiq, the last prime minister under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak. The commission said Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote versus 48.3 for Shafiq.

July

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On 12 July, the Syrian army carried out a massacre in the Village of Tremseh. Up to 225 people were killed.

On 15 July, the International Committee of the Red Cross officially declared that the Syrian uprising was now a civil war.

On 18 July, a bombing in Damascus killed many members of President Bashar al-Assad's inner circle, including his brother-in-law, Asef Shawkat.

On 19 July, the former Vice President of Egypt, Omar Suleiman, died of a heart attack at a hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States

Starting on 27 July, government forces and rebels began fighting a battle to capture Syria's largest city, Aleppo. The UN reports that over 200,000 Syrian refugees have now fled the country, ever since the fighting began.

September

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In late September, the Free Syrian Army moved its command headquarters from southern Turkey into rebel-controlled areas of northern Syria.[50]

September 11, 2012, Islamic militants attacked the American diplomatic mission at Benghazi, in Libya, killing U.S. Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens and Sean Smith, U.S. Foreign Service Information Management Officer.

October

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On 9 October, the Free Syrian Army seized control of Maarat al-Numan, a strategic town in Idlib Governorate on the highway linking Damascus with Aleppo.[51] By 18 October, the FSA had captured the suburb of Douma, the biggest suburb of Damascus.[52]

On 10 October, Abdullah dissolves the parliament for new early elections, and appoints Abdullah Ensour as the new prime minister.

On 19 October, Wissam al-Hassan, a brigadier general of the Lebanese Internal Security Forces (ISF), died along with several others in the 2012 Beirut bombing.

November

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On 22 November 2012[53] Egyptian protests started, with hundreds of thousands of protesters demonstrating against Egyptian president Mohammed Morsi, after he granted himself unlimited powers to “protect” the nation,[54][55] and the power to legislate without judicial oversight or review of his acts.[56]

2013

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January

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On 25 January, protests against Mohamed Morsi developed all over Egypt on the second anniversary of the 2011 revolution, including in Tahrir Square, where thousands of protesters gathered. At least 6 civilians and 1 police officer were shot dead in the Egyptian city of Suez, while 456 others were injured nationwide.[57][58][59][60]

February

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In early February, Syrian rebels began an offensive on Damascus. On 12 February 2013, the United Nations stated that the death toll of the Syrian civil war had exceeded 70,000.[61]

March

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On March 6, Syrian rebels captured Ar-Raqqah, the first major city to be under rebel control in the Syrian civil war.[62] Meanwhile, the Syrian National Coalition was granted Syria's membership in the Arab League.[63][64]

April

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On 24 April, the minaret of the Great Mosque of Aleppo, Syria, built in 1090,[65] was destroyed during an exchange of heavy weapons fire between government forces and rebels.[66][67][68]

June

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On June 5, Syrian government forces retook the strategic town of Al-Qusayr.[69][70]

July

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Mohamed Morsi is deposed as President of Egypt in a coup d'état,[71][72] followed by clashes between security forces and protestors.[73]

August

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On 14 August, Egyptian security forces under the command of interim president Adly Mansour raided two camps of protesters in Cairo.[74]

In the Ghouta chemical attack on 21 August 2013, several areas that were disputed or controlled by the Syrian opposition were struck by rockets containing the chemical agent sarin. Estimates of the death toll range from 'at least 281'[75] to 1,729 fatalities.[76]

December

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On 30 December, the Iraqi Civil War officially begins.

2014

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January

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A conflict between the Syrian opposition and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant erupts.

February

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Egyptian government resigns, paving way for military chief Sisi to run for president.

May

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Syrian rebels withdraw from the siege of Homs.[77]

September

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On 8 September, Haider al-Abadi is elected Prime Minister of Iraq after elections.

By country or region

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Mohamed Bouazizi (Tunisian street vendor and protester) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on 20 February 2012.
  2. ^ "Tunisia's protest wave: Where it comes from and what it means". 3 January 2011.
  3. ^ "Algeria protests take place amid 30,000 police deployment". 12 February 2011.
  4. ^ "Jasmine Revolution | Tunisia, Arab Spring, Timeline, & Results | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  5. ^ "Egypt - Unrest in 2011: January 25 Revolution | Britannica".
  6. ^ Kadri, Ranya; Bronner, Ethan (February 2011). "King of Jordan Dismisses His Cabinet". The New York Times.
  7. ^ "Archived copy". www.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ^ "Algeria appeases protesters by lifting 19-year-old state-of-emergency". 24 February 2011.
  9. ^ "Algerian Emergency Law to End | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021.
  10. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (11 February 2011). "Egypt Erupts in Jubilation as Mubarak Steps Down". The New York Times.
  11. ^ "Iraq: Intensifying Crackdown on Free Speech, Protests". 22 January 2012.
  12. ^ Richter, Frederik (14 February 2011). "Protester killed in Bahrain "Day of Rage" - witnesses". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  13. ^ "Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry". Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  14. ^ Kawczynski, Daniel (2011). Seeking Gaddafi: Libya, the West and the Arab Spring. London: Biteback. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-84954-148-0.
  15. ^ St. John, Ronald Bruce (2012). Libya: From Colony to Revolution (rev. ed.). Oxford: Oneworld. pp. 279–281. ISBN 978-1-85168-919-4.
  16. ^ "Clashes Rock Bahraini Capital". Al Jazeera. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  17. ^ Razaq, Rashid (17 February 2011). "Girl, 2, Shot Dead as Bahrain Police Swoop on Peaceful Protest Camp". Evening Standard. London. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  18. ^ Box-Turnbull, Greg (18 February 2011). "5 Killed as Bahrain Cops Fire on Protesters". Daily Mirror. UK. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  19. ^ Staff writer (17 February 2011). "Bahrain Military Locks Down Capital". Ynetnews. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  20. ^ "Stateless Arabs Demonstrate in Kuwait". The Wall Street Journal. 19 February 2011.
  21. ^ Luhnow, David (5 March 2011). "Egypt PM Undone by TV Debate". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  22. ^ "Oman ruler shifts lawmaking powers". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  23. ^ "Oman sultan to cede some powers after protests". Reuters. 13 March 2011.
  24. ^ "Timeline of the GCC Summit". 5 December 2010.
  25. ^ "Saudi intervention in Bahrain increases Gulf instability | DW | 16.03.2011". Deutsche Welle.
  26. ^ "Bahrain Tears Down Statue at Focus of Anti-monarchy Protests". Haaretz.
  27. ^ "On the occasion of presenting the suggested constitutional amendments by the Royal Committee on Constitutional Review | King Abdullah II Official Website".
  28. ^ "Al-Hadi acting President of Yemen". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 4 June 2011.
  29. ^ "Kuwait protest at court ruling dissolving parliament". BBC News. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  30. ^ "AFP: Morocco to vote on new constitution". Archived from the original on 8 December 2012.
  31. ^ Fahim, Kareem; Mazzetti, Mark (23 August 2011). "Rebels' Assault on Tripoli Began with Careful Work Inside". The New York Times.
  32. ^ Westall, Sylvia (27 August 2012). "Thousands of Kuwaitis protest electoral law move". Reuters. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  33. ^ "Cairo clashes leave 24 dead after Coptic church protest". BBC News. 9 October 2011.
  34. ^ "Gaddafi caught like "rat" in a drain, humiliated and shot". Reuters. 21 October 2011.
  35. ^ "NTC declares 'Liberation of Libya'". Al Jazeera. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  36. ^ "Saif al-Islam: From heir apparent to prisoner". 19 November 2011.
  37. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (22 November 2011). "Deal to Hasten Transition in Egypt is Jeered at Protests". The New York Times.
  38. ^ "Egypt protests: Death toll up in Cairo's Tahrir Square". BBC News. 21 November 2011.
  39. ^ "Kuwait's prime minister resigns after protests". BBC News. 28 November 2011.
  40. ^ "UPDATE 4-Kuwait PM, government resign after protests". Reuters. 28 November 2011.
  41. ^ "Attack on Egyptian women protesters spark uproar". Reuters. 21 December 2011.
  42. ^ "Egyptian junta's lifting of state of emergency fails to convince". TheGuardian.com. 24 January 2012.
  43. ^ "Syria: '300 killed' as regime launches huge attack on besieged city of Homs". TheGuardian.com. 4 February 2012.
  44. ^ "Yemen's president Ali Abdullah Saleh cedes power". BBC News. 27 February 2012.
  45. ^ "Egyptians mass to demand army retreat from power". Reuters. 20 April 2012.
  46. ^ "Jordan's prime minister Khasawneh resigns". Reuters. 26 April 2012.
  47. ^ "Jordan's king swears in new cabinet". The Times of Israel.
  48. ^ a b "Muslim Brotherhood-backed candidate Morsi wins Egyptian presidential election". Fox News. 26 March 2015.
  49. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (29 May 2012). "Most Houla victims killed in summary executions: U.N." Reuters. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  50. ^ "Rebel Group Says It Is Now Based in Syria, a Major Step". New York Times. 23 September 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  51. ^ "Syrian rebels claim control of strategic town". Al Jazeera. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  52. ^ Di Giovanni, JANINE (18 October 2012). "Denial Is Slipping Away as War Arrives in Damascus". New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  53. ^ McCrumen, Stephanie; Hauslohner, Abigail (5 December 2012). "Egyptians take anti-Morsi protests to presidential palace". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  54. ^ Hendawi, Hamza (28 November 2012). "Egyptian courts suspend work to protest Morsi decrees". Salon. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  55. ^ Dina Bishara (28 November 2012). "Egyptian Labor between Morsi and Mubarak". Mideast. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  56. ^ David D. Kirkpatrick (26 April 2012). "President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt Said to Prepare Martial Law Decree". The New York Times. Egypt. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  57. ^ "Egypt: More than 110 hurt in 2nd anniversary protests". CBS News. 25 January 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  58. ^ Lynch, Sarah (25 January 2013). "7 killed in Egypt protests on uprising anniversary". USA Today. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  59. ^ Perry, Tom; Mohamed, Yousri (24 January 2013). "Five die in Egypt violence on anniversary of uprising". Reuters. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  60. ^ "Fatal clashes on Egypt uprising anniversary". BBC News. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  61. ^ "Syria death toll probably at 70,000, U.N. human rights official says". CNN. 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  62. ^ "Syrian activists say rebels seize security buildings in Raqqa, declare it 1st 'liberated' city". Fox News. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  63. ^ "Arab foreign ministers formally grant Syrian opposition coalition country's Arab League seat". The Washington Post. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  64. ^ "Syrian refugees top 1 million, rebels take city". The Big Story. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  65. ^ George Mitchell, ed. (1978). Architecture of the Islamic World. Thames and Hudson. page 231.
  66. ^ "Syria clashes destroy ancient Aleppo minaret". bbc.co.uk. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  67. ^ Minaret of historic Syrian mosque destroyed in Aleppo. Associated Press. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  68. ^ Saad, Hwaida; Gladstone, Rick (24 April 2013). "Storied Syrian Mosque's Minaret Is Destroyed". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  69. ^ "Syrian army retakes key town of Qusair from rebels". BBC News. 5 June 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  70. ^ "Syrian forces retake strategic town of Qusair - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 5 June 2013.
  71. ^ "Egypt protests: President Morsi removed by army, reportedly put under house arrest | The Star". The Toronto Star. 3 July 2013.
  72. ^ "Egypt's army chief Abdel Fattah al-Sisi receives a promotion ahead of likely presidency bid". Australian Broadcasting corporation. 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  73. ^ "Egypt declares national emergency". BBC News. 14 August 2013.
  74. ^ "Cairo erupts into violence as security crushes protest camp - CSMonitor.com". Christian Science Monitor. 14 August 2013.
  75. ^ "France says 'at least 281' killed in Syria chemical attack". The Daily Star. Lebanon. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  76. ^ "Bodies still being found after alleged Syria chemical attack: opposition". The Daily Star. Lebanon. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  77. ^ "Syria conflict: Rebels evacuated from Old City of Homs". BBC News. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
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