The presidency of Herbert Hoover began on March 4, 1929, when Herbert Hoover was inaugurated as the 31st president of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1933.
1929
edit
March 1929
edit- March 4 – The inauguration of Herbert Hoover takes place. He identifies crime as his primary concern as president.[1]
- March 5 – Hoover determines that the embargo on arms shipments to Mexico should not be adjusted.[2]
- March 6 – Herbert Lord is retained by Hoover as Director of the Bureau of the Budget.[3]
- March 12 – Hoover declares a policy of conserving oil fields in all cases permitted by law.[4]
- March 25 – Hoover abolishes the White House stables.[5]
- March 26 – Hoover demands an end to the abuse of patronage by Republicans in Southern states.[6]
- March 27 – Hoover has a telephone installed at his desk.[7]
- March 28 – Henry L. Stimson takes office as Hoover's Secretary of State, replacing Frank B. Kellogg.[8]
April 1929
edit- April 4 – Lou Henry Hoover becomes the first woman to operate an automobile as First Lady.[9]
- April 6 – Hoover travels to Shenandoah National Park to consider it as a presidential campsite.[10]
- April 10 – It is determined that the sister of Vice President Charles Curtis may hold a diplomatic status equivalent of Second Lady of the United States.[11]
- April 14 – Hoover speaks at the Gridiron Club dinner.[12]
- April 15 – Congress meets in a special session convened by Hoover.[13]
- April 16 – Hoover delivers a message to Congress requesting the creation of a federal farm board.[14]
- April 17 – Hoover pitches the first ball of the 1929 Major League Baseball season.[15]
- April 21 – Hoover declares opposition to a debenture plan on exports in the pending farm bill.[16]
- April 22 – Hoover asks reporters to support law enforcement in an address during the annual Associated Press luncheon.[17]
- April 25 – The American Association of Engineering Societies awards Hoover the John Fritz Medal.[18]
- April 26 – Hoover endorses a plan to reconstruct Washington, D.C. during a meeting at the Chamber of Commerce.[19]
- April 30 – Hoover signs an appropriations bill as the first bill of his presidency.[20]
May 1929
edit- May 2 – Hoover hosts a luncheon with 47 business leaders.[21]
- May 2 – Hoover fires United States Attorney William A De Groot after he refuses to resign.[22]
- May 8 – Hoover meets with Goodyear president Paul W. Litchfield to discuss the development of dirigible mail carriers.[23]
- May 11 – Hoover designates the Mount of the Holy Cross as a national monument.[24]
- May 12 – Hoover invites Senators William Borah and Simeon D. Fess to the White House to negotiate a compromise on the farm bill.[25]
- May 14 – Hoover raises tariffs on flaxseed, milk, cream, and window glass.[26]
- May 18 – Hoover announces that American facilitation of the territorial dispute between Chile and Peru have been successful.[27]
- May 20 – The United States endorses a plan to be more lenient in collection of German war reparations.[28]
- May 20 – Hoover establishes the Wickersham Commission to investigate the status of Prohibition in the United States.[citation needed]
- May 27 – The Supreme Court rules that the president has the power of pocket veto in the Pocket Veto Case.[29]
- May 28 – The Wickersham Commission has its first meeting at the White House.[30]
- May 30 – Hoover urges acceptance of the Kellogg–Briand Pact while giving a Memorial Day speech at Arlington National Cemetery.[31]
June 1929
edit- June 3 – The Treaty of Lima is signed by Chile and Peru following negotiations hosted by the United States.
- June 11 – Hoover urges the Senate to vote in favor of the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929.[32]
- June 12 – First Lady Lou Henry Hoover hosts Jessie De Priest for tea at the White House.
- June 15 – Hoover signs the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 into law.
- June 21 – U.S. Ambassador to Mexico Dwight Morrow arbitrates the end of the Cristero War.
- June 25 – Hoover signs the Boulder Canyon Project Act into law, funding the Boulder Dam.[33]
July 1929
edit- July 8 – Hoover appoints Dwight F. Davis as Governor-General of the Philippines.
- July 15 – Hoover presides over the first Federal Farm Board meeting.[34]
- July 27 – Hoover forwards a statement to the White House, expressing appreciation for the debt funding agreement in the French debt settlement.[35]
- July 28 – Hoover returns to Washington, D.C.[36]
- July 29 – Hoover addresses the first meeting of a conference on child health and protection planning committee.[37]
August 1929
edit- August 10 – Hoover hosts high-profile guests at Rapidan Camp to celebrate his 55th birthday.[38]
- August 27 – The United States signs the Kellogg–Briand Pact.
September 1929
edit- September 18 – Hoover expresses support for arms reduction during a radio broadcast.[39]
October 1929
edit- October 4–5 – Ramsay MacDonald meets with Hoover to discuss arms reduction.[40]
- October 21 – Hoover dedicates the Edison Institute of Technology.[41]
- October 24 – The Wall Street Crash of 1929 begins.
- October 25 – Hoover assures the American people that the economy is still strong.[42]
- October 29 – The Wall Street Crash continues as "Black Tuesday" occurs.
November 1929
edit- November 18 – Incumbent Secretary of War James William Good dies at the age of 63.
- November 21 – Hoover holds a conference with business and labor leaders.[43]
- November 23 – Hoover requests that state governors increase public works projects in their states.[44]
December 1929
edit- December 2 – Hoover demands an end to the Sino-Soviet conflict.[45]
- December 3 – Hoover delivers the 1929 State of the Union Address and declares his belief that the worst of the Great Depression is over.[46]
- December 6 – U.S. Marines fire on Haitian protesters during the United States occupation of Haiti.
- December 9 – Patrick J. Hurley takes office as Secretary of War.
- December 14 – Hoover orders the release of Communist Party members that had been arrested for congregating without a permit.[47]
- December 24 – The West Wing of the White House is damaged in a fire. Hoover returns to the White House to oversee the salvaging of important documents.[48]
1930
editJanuary 1930
editFebruary 1930
edit- February 3 – Hoover nominates Charles Evans Hughes as Chief Justice of the United States.
- February 28 – The Forbes Commission arrives in Haiti to develop a strategy to end the occupation of the country.
March 1930
edit- March 7 – Hoover states his belief that the Great Depression is nearing its end.[49]
- March 8 – Chief Justice and former president William Howard Taft dies at the age of 72. Hoover declares 30 days of mourning.[50]
- March 21 – Hoover nominates John J. Parker as a Supreme Court justice.
April 1930
edit- April 16 – Lou Henry Hoover suffers a severe back injury after a fall at the White House.[51]
- April 22 – The United States along with several other countries recognizes the Spanish Republic.
- April 28 – Hoover makes a statement to Congress recommending improvements to criminal law enforcement.[52]
May 1930
edit- May 7 – Hoover's nomination of John J. Parker to the Supreme Court is rejected by the Senate.[53]
- May 9 – Hoover nominates Owen Roberts as a Supreme Court justice.
- May 28 – Hoover vetoes a bill that would expand pensions for Spanish–American War veterans.[54]
June 1930
edit- June 2 – Congress overrides Hoover's veto and expands pensions for Spanish–American War veterans.[55]
- June 14 – The Federal Bureau of Narcotics is established within the Department of the Treasury.
- June 17 – Hoover signs the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act into law.[56]
July 1930
edit- July 3 – Hoover signs the Veterans Administration Act, authorizing the formation of the Veterans' Administration.
- July 7 – Construction on the Hoover Dam begins.[57]
- July 7 – Hoover urges the Senate to ratify the London Naval Treaty.
- July 21 – Hoover establishes the Veterans' Administration.[58]
August 1930
edit- August 5 – Hoover appoints Douglas MacArthur as Chief of Staff of the United States Army.[59]
- August 14 – Hoover meets with 13 governors to discuss drought relief.[60]
September 1930
editOctober 1930
editNovember 1930
edit- November 4 – The 1930 United States elections take place and Republicans lose control of the House of Representatives.
December 1930
edit- December 2 – Hoover requests funding for public works projects during the 1930 State of the Union Address.[61]
- December 9 – William N. Doak takes office as Hoover's Secretary of Labor, replacing James J. Davis.
- December 20 – Hoover signs a bill authorizing $155 million of aid for public works and drought relief.[62]
- December 23 – Hoover pardons former Indiana governor Warren T. McCray.[63]
- December 30 – Hoover establishes the Colonial National Monument.[64]
- December 31 – The Battle of Achuapa takes place in Nicaragua.
1931
editJanuary 1931
edit- January 6 – Hoover speaks to the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce.[65]
- January 20 – Hoover releases the findings of the Wickersham Commission.[66]
- January 30 – Hoover meets with R. B. Bennett at the White House.[67]
February 1931
edit- February 26 – Hoover vetoes the Emergency Adjusted Compensation Bill.
- February 27 – Congress overrides Hoover's veto of the Emergency Adjusted Compensation Bill.
March 1931
edit- March 3 – Hoover signs the Davis–Bacon Act of 1931 into law.
- March 4 – Hoover signs a bill that establishes The Star-Spangled Banner as the national anthem of the United States of America.[68]
April 1931
editMay 1931
edit- May 11 – Creditanstalt declares bankruptcy.
June 1931
edit- June 20 – Hoover issues the Hoover Moratorium.[69]
July 1931
editAugust 1931
editSeptember 1931
edit- September 29 – Britain abandons the gold standard.[70][71][72]
October 1931
edit- October 22 – Hoover meets with Prime Minister of France Pierre Laval at the White House.[73]
November 1931
edit- November 11 – Hoover dedicates the District of Columbia War Memorial.[74]
- November 16 – Hoover meets with Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Dino Grandi.[75]
December 1931
edit- December 7 – Hoover turns away the hunger march at the White House.
- December 8 – Hoover delivers the 1931 State of the Union Address.[76]
1932
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January 1932
edit- January 7 – The United States declares its refusal to recognize territories occupied by the Empire of Japan.
- January 22 – Hoover establishes the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.
February 1932
edit- February 12 – Ogden L. Mills takes office as Hoover's Secretary of the Treasury, replacing Andrew Mellon.
- February 15 – Hoover nominates Benjamin N. Cardozo as a Supreme Court justice.
- February 22 – Hoover honors the bicentennial of George Washington's birthday in a joint session of Congress.[77]
- February 27 – Hoover signs the Glass–Steagall Act of 1932 into law.
- February 29 – Hoover appoints Theodore Roosevelt Jr. as Governor-General of the Philippines.
March 1932
edit- March 1 – The Lindbergh kidnapping takes place.
April 1932
edit- April 7 – Hoover vetoes an increase to veterans' pensions.[78]
May 1932
edit- May 9 – Hoover vetoes a bill that would grant access to old soldiers' home for civilians of the Quartermaster Corps.[79]
June 1932
edit- June 6 – Hoover signs the Revenue Act of 1932 into law.
- June 16 – The Republican Party nominates Hoover as its candidate for the 1932 United States presidential election.[80]
- June 22 – Hoover submits disarmament proposals at the Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments.
July 1932
edit- July 21 – Hoover signs the Emergency Relief and Construction Act into law.[81]
- July 22 – Hoover signs the Federal Home Loan Bank Act into law.[82]
- July 28 – Hoover orders the United States Army to clear Bonus Army protestors from Washington, D.C.
August 1932
edit- August 8 – Roy D. Chapin takes office as Hoover's Secretary of Commerce, replacing Robert P. Lamont.
- August 11 – Hoover changes his stance on prohibition, saying it should be left to the states.[83]
September 1932
edit- September 26 – The Battle of Agua Carta takes place in Nicaragua.
October 1932
editNovember 1932
edit- November 8 – Hoover loses the 1932 presidential election to the Governor of New York, Franklin D. Roosevelt in a landslide election.[84]
- November 22 – Hoover meets with president-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt.[85]
December 1932
edit- December 6 – Hoover delivers the 1932 State of the Union Address.[86]
- December 26 – The Battle of El Sauce takes place in Nicaragua.
1933
edit
January 1933
edit- January 2 – Hoover orders an end to the United States occupation of Nicaragua.
- January 13 – Hoover vetoes the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act.
- January 17 – Congress overrides Hoover's veto of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act.
- January 23 – The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20, and of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3. It also has provisions that determine what is to be done when there is no president-elect.[87]
- January 30 – Adolf Hitler takes power in Germany.
February 1933
edit- February 11 – Hoover establishes Death Valley as a national monument.[88]
- February 13 – Hoover delivers a farewell address at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.[89]
- February 20 – The Blaine Act is passed, moving the United States toward repeal of Prohibition.
- February 25 – The first aircraft carrier of the United States Navy, the USS Ranger (CV-4), is christened by Lou Henry Hoover.[90]
March 1933
edit- March 2 – Hoover designates the Morristown National Historical Park as the country's first national historical park.
- March 3 – Hoover dedicates Mount Rushmore as a national memorial.
- March 3 – Hoover signs the Buy American Act into law.
- March 4 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated as the 32nd president of the United States.
See also
edit- Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency, for his predecessor
- Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency, for his successor
References
edit- ^ "Hoover Sworn In; Outlines His Program". The Evening Star. March 4, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "President Hoover Refused To Raise Embargo On Arms". The Bismarck Tribune. March 5, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Lord Is Retained In Post By Hoover". The Evening Star. March 6, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Plans Conservation Of Oil Fields". Imperial Valley Press. March 12, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Abolishes Official Stable". The Evening Star. March 25, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Will Halt Patronage Abuses By G.O.P. In South". The Evening Star. March 26, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "President Installs Telephone on Desk, Breaking Precedent". The Evening Star. March 27, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Kellogg Retires as Secretary of State". New Britain Herald. March 28, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Mrs. Hoover Breaks Precedent Driving Out in Her Auto". The Evening Star. April 4, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover and Party Motor To Rapidan For Day's Outing". The Evening Star. April 6, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Mrs. Gann Victor In Contest Waged Over Social Rank". The Evening Star. April 10, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover "Machine" Methods Grilled". The Evening Star. April 14, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Congress Meets To Solve Farm Problems". The Bismarck Tribune. April 15, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Recommends Federal Farm Board". The Bismarck Tribune. April 16, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ Miller, Kirk (April 17, 1929). "Hoover Tosses Out First Ball; Rookie On Hill For Macks". The Washington Times. p. 1.
- ^ Lincoln, G. Gould (April 21, 1929). "Hoover Opposes Debenture Plan In Farm Aid Bill". The Evening Star. p. 1.
- ^ Sullivan, Lawrence (April 22, 1929). "Hoover Calls For Obedience To All Laws". The Indianapolis Times. p. 1.
- ^ Sullivan, Lawrence (April 25, 1929). "Engineers Give Highest Award To President". Imperial Valley Press. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Hails Plan To Make Capital Finest In World". The Evening Star. April 26, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Signs First Bills Of His Official Career". The Washington Times. April 30, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Entertains 47". The Indianapolis Times. May 2, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Dismisses Stubborn Attorney". The Bismarck Tribune. May 2, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover To Discuss Dirigible Air Mail". The Evening Star. May 8, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ Herbert Hoover: Proclamations and Executive Orders, March 4, 1929, to March 4, 1933, accessed 29 January 2022
- ^ "Summer Recess Move Abandoned By G.O.P. Leaders". The Evening Star. May 13, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Orders Tariff Raise On Farm Products". Imperial Valley Press. May 14, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Helps Peru and Chile Settle Dispute". Imperial Valley Press. May 18, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "U.S. Plan Grants Berlin More Time On Reperations". The Evening Star. May 20, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Pocket Veto Case, 279 U.S. 655 (1929)". Justia Law.
- ^ "Hoover Addresses Law Commission In First Meeting". The Evening Star. May 28, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ Young, J. Russell (May 30, 1929). "President Urges Full Acceptance Of Kellogg Pact". The Evening Star. p. 1.
- ^ "June 11, 1929: Message Regarding the Farm Bill | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
- ^ Stevens, Joseph E. (1988). Hoover Dam: An American Adventure. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8061-7397-9.
- ^ "Hoover Starts Farm Board on Relief Problem". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 16, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Praises Settlement of French War Debt". Chicago Tribune. July 28, 1929.
- ^ "Hoover Ends Outing, Remains Silent As To Army Reorganization". Chicago Tribune. July 29, 1929.
- ^ "Hoover Starts Child Health Group to Work". Chicago Tribune. July 30, 1929.
- ^ "Lindys, Others Help Hoover Eat Birthday Cake". Chicago Daily Tribune. August 11, 1929. p. 3.
- ^ "September 18, 1929: Message Regarding International Peace | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
- ^ Henning, Arthur Sears (October 6, 1929). "Talk Navies in Hoover Camp". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "Edison Honored by Grateful World". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 22, 1929. pp. 1–2.
- ^ "October 25, 1929: Message Regarding "Black Thursday" | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
- ^ Crawford, Arthur (November 22, 1929). "Pledge No Wage Cuts In U.S.". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Asks States to Speed Work". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 24, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "End War Peril: U.S. to East". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 3, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "December 3, 1929: First State of the Union Address | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
- ^ "50 Young 'Reds' Let Out of Jail on Hoover Plea". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 15, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "White House Annex Burns". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 25, 1929. p. 1.
- ^ "March 7, 1930: Statement Regarding Business and Unemployment | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
- ^ Crawford, Arthur (March 9, 1930). "Taft Dead; 30 Day Mourning". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "Mrs. Hoover Injures her Back Slightly in Fall at White House". Chicago Daily Tribune. April 17, 1930. p. 1.
- ^ "April 28, 1930: Message Regarding Law Enforcement | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
- ^ Crawford, Arthur (May 8, 1930). "Senate Rejects Nominee, 41-39; Seek Another". Chicago Daily Tribune: 1.
- ^ Lisio, Donald J. (1994). The President and Protest: Hoover, MacArthur, and the Bonus Riot. Fordham University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8232-1572-0.
- ^ Crawford, Arthur (June 3, 1930). "Pass Pensions Over Veto". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ ch. 497, 46 Stat. 590, June 17, 1930, see 19 U.S.C. § 1654
- ^ "Building of Hoover Dam begins - Jul 07, 1930 - HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
- ^ "Executive Order 5398—Establishing the Veterans' Administration | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
- ^ Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Herbert Hoover, 1930. United States Government Printing Office. June 1999. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-16-058839-6.
- ^ "Adopt Hoover Drought Relief Plan". Chicago Daily Tribune. August 15, 1930. p. 1.
- ^ "December 2, 1930: Second State of the Union address. | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
- ^ Crawford, Arthur (December 21, 1930). "Senate Votes 311 Millions". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
- ^ "Hoover Grants Full Pardon to W. T. McCray, Ex-Governor". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 24, 1930. p. 2.
- ^ Butowsky, Harry A. "History and Definition of the Names of Historical Units within the National Park System". National Park Service History. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
- ^ "Hoover Speaks Word of Cheer to Auto Makers". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 7, 1931. p. 2.
- ^ Kyvig, David (1979). "Repealing National Prohibition – Chapter 6". Shaffer Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ "Prime Minister of Canada Calls at White House". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 31, 1931. p. 8.
- ^ ""Star-Spangled Banner" Is Now Official Anthem". The Washington Post. March 5, 1931. p. 3.
- ^ Henning, Arthur Sears (June 21, 1931). "Suspend War Debts – Hoover". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "Chancellor's Commons Speech". Freetheplanet.net. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
- ^ Eichengreen, Barry J. (September 15, 2008). Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System. Princeton University Press. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-0-691-13937-1. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
- ^ Officer, Lawrence. "Breakdown of the Interwar Gold Standard". Eh.net. Archived from the original on November 24, 2005. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
- ^ Henning, Arthur Sears (October 23, 1931). "Laval is Given Warm Welcome at White House". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ Peters, Gerbhard; Woolley, John T. "Armistice Day Address at the Dedication of the District of Columbia War Memorial". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ Herrick, Genevieve Forbes (November 17, 1931). "Hoover Welcomes Grandi in Capital". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "December 8, 1931: Third State of the Union Address | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
- ^ Peters, Gerbhard; Woolley, John T. "Address to a Joint Session of Congress Opening the Celebration of the Bicentennial of the Birth of George Washington". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
- ^ "Hoover Vetoes Pension Boost". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 27, 1932. p. 1.
- ^ "Hoover Vetoes Relief Bill for Army Civilians". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 10, 1932. p. 7.
- ^ Rudel, Anthony (2008). Hello, Everybody!: The Dawn of American Radio. Harcourt Books. pp. 286–288. ISBN 978-0-547-44411-6.
- ^ Olson, James S.; Mendoza, Abraham O. (2015). American Economic History: A Dictionary and Chronology. ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-61069-698-2.
- ^ "Hoover Praises Home Loan Bill as He Signs It". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 23, 1932. p. 1.
- ^ Egan, Leo (August 12, 1932). "Hoover Conversion to Wets to Aid Him in Industrial Areas". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. 1.
- ^ "42 States in Sweep to Roosevelt". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 9, 1932. p. 1.
- ^ Henning, Arthur Sears (November 23, 1932). "No Debt Action: Roosevelt". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ "December 6, 1932: Fourth State of the Union Address | Miller Center". millercenter.org. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
- ^ Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11-27 Archives.gov. Retrieved October 7, 2011
- ^ John Hamilton, Death Valley National Park (ABDO, 2008) p. 14
- ^ "President Appeals for Action in World Crisis", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 13, 1933, p. 6
- ^ Wilson Casey, Firsts: Origins of Everyday Things That Changed the World (Penguin, 2009)