Filipino animation

Philippine animation, also known as Pinoy animation, has a strengthened history of animation of the Philippines started in the mid-20th century, predated with Ibong Adarna (1941) as a special effects support prior to the outbreak of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, aimed as a commercial advertising began in the 1950s and later reinvented in practice as a medium and avant-garde form in 1960s onwards.

Lauro "Larry" Alcala is the founding father of Philippine animation. Some cartoonists and aspiring animators such as Geraldo "Geirry" A. Garccia, Severino "Nonoy" Marcelo, José Zabala-Santos and Francisco Reyes were among the key pioneers of Philippine animation in the 1950s and 1980s, this led the Philippines received immense recognition as an eminent industry and has become a financial hub to newcomers and animators for outsourcing animation work to major film studios in the United States.

Overview

Philippine animation is a body of original cultural and artistic works and styles applied to conventional Philippine storytelling, combined with talent and the appropriate application of classic animation principles, methods, and techniques, which recognizes their relationship with culture and comics in the Philippines.

It delves into relying on traditional and common Filipino "sense of going about things" or manner of coping with Filipino's daily life and environment that allows to manifest through the settings, characters, and overall mood of the animation.

The use of culture in the Philippines manifests through its narration and portrayal of the daily experiences of the Filipino people and objects that we usually see. It also features different elements in storytelling of Filipino mythology and folklore. Though some of them are not able to overtly show the sense of being a Filipino in their stories, which were successful in showing their values that we all uphold.

History

1940s–1950s: Origins

Philippine animation came to the country a few months before World War II as a special effects support to the film Ibong Adarna (1941); it was not until the arrival of television and its first telecast in the country in 1953.

In 1946, Antonio Velasquez, father of Philippine comics, said in an attempt that he was paid to write a script for an animated feature film based on his famous character Kenkoy, but the project was abandoned.

In 1953, Philippine animation did actually came out the very first animation was the komiks illustrator and cartoonist Lauro "Larry" Alcala, did a short black-and-white animation on 8mm film of a girl doing jumping rope and a boy playing with a yo-yo.

In 1955, Philippine animation started with cartoonists who converted some folklore characters and their komiks into animated shorts. For example, José Zabala-Santos and Francisco Reyes produced Juan Tamad, a six-minute animated short film serves as an advertisement for Purico cooking oil, based on the famous Philippine folklore character of the same name. However, there was no certainty whether the film is believed to have never had a commercial run or took a PMC product shot in 35mm and processed in the United States had actually been presented as a commercial, resulted that the use of animation in the industry was introduced for commercial purposes to advertise consumer products began in the 1950s. For example, Alcala continued to produce animated shorts for television commercials of products such as Darigold Milk in 1957 and Caltex in 1965.

1960s–1985: Marcos period

"All were edited on pneumatic tapes, shot in 35mm. And I did five minute animated shorts—twelve of those. Ely Matawaran and other cartoonists worked with me. Before, I had taken an animation course in New York City. For two years, 1977-1978, NMPC was a security blanket (against arrest for doing critical Marcos cartoons in the press). I rented a house and I tapped all known animators, and we were commissioned to do animation in three months for NMPC."

—Marcelo said after he directed two animated films and an opening scene in Annie Batungbakal (1979).

During the Marcos period back in the inauguration of the tenth president, Philippine animation become one of the regime's tools for propaganda and patriotism. Later in early films have been introduced by Severino "Nonoy" Marcelo, a cartoonist who was hired by the government and worked in animation at the National Media Production Center beginning in 1977, collaborated with Imee Marcos and Zabala-Santos by creating the first-ever Philippine full-length animated film titled Tadhana (1978), a commissioned work which originally conceived as a television pilot and took production in three months.

The film was premiered in Philippine television as a part of the anniversary of Martial Law in 1978. At one point, Tadhana was supposed to replay and scheduled for a commercial theater release, but for some reasons, unclear it was never seen again due to the said film was not released commercially on theaters for public viewing.

Opening scene which included an animated version of Hotdog band in Annie Batungbakal (1979).

In 1979, The Adventures of Lam-Ang was produced by the same cartoonist Tadhana made, which was an one-hour animated feature based on the folklore of the same name. At the same year, Marcelo serves as animation director for a seven-minute opening scene in Nora Aunor's Annie Batungbakal.

Due to their immense interest to Filipinos that animation as a hub for subcontracted labor in the 1980s, aspiring animators, such as the Alcazaren brothers (consisting of Mike and Juan), dominated to create their own experimental animated short films, much of their work was political satire, until the People Power Revolution.

1986–1990s: Golden Age of Philippine Animation

Opening logo of 1986 animated series, Ang Panday, only one of the clips to be partially-found.

These three animated series were known for famous actors including Fernando Poe Jr., Dolphy, and Vilma Santos; all reprised their main roles for the respective series.

The first Philippine animated television series was Ang Panday, created by Geraldo A. Garccia (credited as Gerry Garccia) in 1986, based on a comic book character of the same name produced by Carlo J. Caparas. RPN-9 began airing in November 1986. Although it was a consistent success, Ang Panday lasted only for six months due to the high cost of producing an animated feature or series.

The success of Ang Panday led to broadcasting two animated series in the following year: Captain Barbell, based on a komik superhero of the same name by Mars Ravelo and Jim Fernandez, aired on RPN, clashing with Garccia's Ang Panday for broadcasting competition; Darna, based on a komik superheroine of the same name by Mars Ravelo and Nestor Redondo, released by GMA Network.

In 1989, Sa Paligid-ligid is a two-hour educational animated film about the environmental awareness and conservation produced by the Philippine Children's Television Foundation, making the longest animated film ever produced in the Philippines with a runtime of 120 minutes despite being a television special aired on IBC 13.

Began in the 1990s, topics of Philippine animation have been significantly shifted from an emphasis on satirical and historical events to everyday issues and identities that reflects their reality to Filipino people.

1993–2010: Continuation in mass media studios

After Garcia's Ang Panday, some notable actors and actresses appeared in Garccia's filmography including Ogie Alcasid, Joseph Estrada, Jolina Magdangal, Boots Anson-Roa, Michael V. and Regine Velasquez.

In the 1990s, Garccia worked on several animated works including Noli Me Tangere (1993), live-action animated hybrid Isko: Adventures in Animasia (1995) and a passion project Adarna: The Mythical Bird (1997), a fully-developed animated film debut based on the 19th century corrido commonly titled Ibong Adarna. Garccia, wrote the story and directed Adarna under FLT Productions and Guiding Light Productions, said he initially wanted to have the project as a TV series in 1997 but instead to a full-length film, and the film took two years to finish with roughly 300 animators and a new nine-minute segment soon added to the film that had the additional cost of $50,000, with producer Rose L. Flaminiano later bought the rights to the film's release when it was nearing completion. Adarna was declared an entry to the 1997 Metro Manila Film Festival (MMFF) on December 3, 1997 and received recognition from the Metro Manila Film Festival on December 27, 1997 as the "first ever animated movie in Philippine cinema" (Filipino: Kauna-unahang animated Movie sa Philippine Cinema), although predated by Marcelo's Tadhana. It earned a box office from MMFF worth ₱11.2 million, but did not make it to its production cost. Despite being a box-office bomb and some critics were critical of the film's poor animation, the Adarna's theatrical release and pioneering recognition was considered a highlight to Filipino animation. In 1998, it was also included in the Asian Collection of Japan's 7th Hiroshima Animation Festival.

In 2007, Garccia produced the very first animated talk show on Philippine television entitled Talk Toons. Guest celebrities appeared in the series like Vilma Santos, Mikey Arroyo, German Moreno and former president Joseph Estrada. All were interviewed on video and transferred into animation.

At the same year, a Filipino-American satirical animated series created by Ramon Lopez and Jesse Hernandez entitled The Nutshack. The series's premise revolves two distant cousins, Phil, from the San Francisco Bay Area, and Jack, from the Philippines, who live with their uncle, Tito Dick, in south-suburban Daly City. Co-produced by Koch Entertainment and ABS-CBN International, it has been in development since mid or late 2005 and was produced in Macromedia Flash throughout the series on a Windows XP model. The series was teased in 2006 on YouTube and possibly on television. It was began airing on Myx TV, but the series was concluded in 2011 completing two seasons with sixteen episodes due to generally low-rated and critically derided, though it built a small cult following from its reputation in late 2016 based on remixes of its theme song on YouTube, which became an internet meme.

In 2008, Garccia's creation was later followed by another theatrical animated film, Urduja, was top billed by Cesar Montano and Regine Velasquez as voices behind the lead characters, premiered in local theaters. Produced using a mixture of digital and traditional animation techniques, the film took eleven years of conceptualization or pre-production and was done roughly for two years of animation development by approximately 400-500 Filipino animators and three different animation studios situated within Luzon and Visayan areas, produced more than 120,000 drawings that ran in 1,922 scenes equivalent to 8,771 feet of film. The film earned ₱20 million during its premiere and gained a box office hit of roughly ₱31 million over unstated production cost, surpassing the milestone of Adarna's grossing release but still unsuccessful in getting the audience interest which resulted in loss of profit.

Another full-length animated film was released in the same year, Dayo: Sa Mundo ng Elementalia. Described as the Philippines' first all-digital full-length animated feature film, the film was done for two years of development composed of over 500 animators using paperless 2D (characters) and 3D (backdrops) technologies. The film graced the premiere as an entry to the 2008 Metro Manila Film Festival and gained a total of ₱5.6 million against its ₱58 million worth budget, but again was a box-office bomb.

In 2010, RPG Metanoia is the first feature-length theatrical animated film to be developed in computer-generated imagery with stereoscopic 3D, which took 5 years to make with less than a hundred animators, and AmbientMedia and Thaumatrope Animation serve as production companies for the film. The animation was done in full digital technology using 3D software for animation and 2D software for motion graphics and compositing, with Roadrunner Network, Inc did the stereoscope in the midst of post-production. RPG Metanoia was declared an entry and garnered three awards at the 2010 Metro Manila Film Festival, earn a total of ₱33 million for four-week release after MMFF premiere, a little higher than Urduja's ₱31 million, but was box-office disappointment over its production cost of ₱100 million.

At the same year, an anime-inspired television series created by Enrico C. Santos entitled Super Inggo at ang Super Tropa, a spin-off of the television series Super Inggo. It is the first collaborative project between ABS-CBN TV, represented by business unit head and Vice President for TV Production Enrico Santos, and the newly formed ABS-CBN Animation Department, led by business unit head Guia Jose, who has trained at the Hanna-Barbera Studios in the United States during the 1980s. She explained that the series will run for two seasons, with each season tentatively containing 13 episodes that will approximately run for 22 minutes.

2014–present: Shifted to independent

Between the 2000s that the previous four animated films did not profit or break even with its production cost. This then resulted in a loss of interest in animation investors and the closure of local studios out of curiosity and respect towards animation in the Philippines due to in favor of internationally-produced animation rivals, Philippine animation has shifted to more artistically complex, narrative-driven experimental animated films to other independent studios in locals without further box-office release. However, animators still struggled to produce their originality due of the costly production and the decline in demand for animated films.

In 2014, a student thesis film Pikyaw (2014) became the first animated film not only in Tagalog and Filipino languages, but fully dubbed in Hiligaynon.

Avid Liongoren's Saving Sally in MMFF release poster.

In 2016, Avid Liongoren's first feature film debut was live-action animated hybrid film Saving Sally, was first introduced in 2005 after the concept by Charlene Sawit in 2000, originally titled Monster Town as a short story. The film took twelve years to develop before was released in Philippine cinemas on Christmas Day as an official submission at the 2016 Metro Manila Film Festival, which received both commercial success and positive reviews from critics in the Philippines, the former went on to earn ₱27 million during the premiere.

In 2019, an experimental coming-of-age anthology animated film entitled Cleaners, follows a group of high school students assigned as end-of-day classroom cleaners and their experiences surrounding various school activities. Filmed entirely and digitally on a Sony A7S in live-action and shot in black-and-white, the film uses pixilation technique with several intrusions of colour through clothing and various objects, estimated 40,000 frames were printed, photocopied, selectively crumpled, and highlighted to indicate the protagonists before being digitally scanned for editing.

In 2020, Liongoren's second feature film, Hayop Ka!, concepted after Saving Sally and took three years to produce. Originally as a telenovela-style soap-opera animated film during his prototype, he changed it as "light and comical" to aim for adults due to use of amount of profanity and sexual content like the previous film did. Liongoren stated the hope for creating a "Filipino style when it comes to cartoons" and noted that the Philippines has a huge animation industry "that does work for foreign projects." He also hoped it encourages "more local productions" and work for Pinoy animators. The film was distributed by Netflix to positive reviews and garnered seven nominations at the 44th Gawad Urian Awards including Best Film and Best Director, winning Best Animation, as well as six nominations at the 60th FAMAS Awards including Best Film and Best Director, winning Best Screenplay. It was nominated as an official selection for main competition at the 2021 Annecy International Animated Film Festival, the first Filipino animated feature film to be selected at this festival, although it lost to Academy Award-nominee Flee.

In 2021, Liongoren announced two animated projects based on works by respective authors: Zsazsa Zaturnnah Vs The Amazonistas Of Planet X, an adult animated superhero film based on a komik Zsazsa Zaturnnah by Carlo Vergara, where did it posted at Facebook, after originally pitched as a television series nor another live-action film but agreed to produce as an animated film with Vergara as a screenplay. Light Lost, a fantasy adventure based on the graphic novel of the same name by Rob Cham.

In 2023, 19-year-old video game developer Frederick C.G. Borromeo's directorial debut, Distortion, a non-narrative silent animated film made in RPG Maker MV engine, set in the fantasy world that slowly descending one-by-one.

At the same year, Papa's psychological drama science-fiction Iti Mapukpukaw (2023), revolves an animator without a mouth prompted by his mother to visit his uncle, which leads to the return of an alien he encountered in childhood intent on taking him away from Earth. The film garnered several awards, including Best Film at the 19th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival and 47th Gawad Urian Awards, the first animated film to do so, and immense media attention for his submission as the Philippine entry for the Best International Feature Film category at the 96th Academy Awards, the first animated film to be submitted by the Philippines. The film won Best Animated Film at the 17th Asia Pacific Screen Awards, the first Filipino animated film to win this feat.

In 2024, an upcoming film 58th by Carl Joseph Papa was announced by GMA Pictures, about the search of a titular missing photojournalist after the Maguindanao massacre that took place in 2009, will be the first animated documentary film in the Philippines.

Adult animation

Main article: Adult animation

One of the early examples of adult animation to the Philippines, The Criminal (1981), a short film where the titular character walking around in a house after escaped the prison from death sentence. This scene's use of guillotine indicates death.

Adult animation has a staying power in the Philippines, serves as a largest turning point to the film industry introduced during the Marcos regime under Martial Law by expanding conventional and mature storytelling in Filipino animation with realistic character drama, satirical themes and thematic elements rather than raunchy, off-color and sexual humors used in adult-oriented animated films and televisions that is catered specifically to older audiences unlike any animated works outside the Philippines over the years. For example, cartoonist Nonoy Marcelo produced a historical satire based on Marcos' book, Tadhana, presents a satirical, humorous and poignant view of the Philippines' history of Spanish colonization. Some experimental animated short films have attributed with similar use of satirical, political and mature themes during the near end of Marcos regime, for those including Nonoy Dadivas and Fruto Corre's The Criminal (1981), Alcazaren brothers' Hari (1982), Huling Trip (1983) and Pagpula (1984), Roxlee's The Great Smoke (1984).

Papa is widely known of rotoscoping animated films for older audiences.

Filmography of Carl Joseph Papa is widely known for mature themes and animation, often focus on the Philippines' daily lives and family issues.

In 2007, The Nutshack was developed and touted as an adult animated series marketed for a Filipino demographic, drew themes of gang violence, drug abuse, poverty, racism, and rape.

In 2011, Sanayan Lang Ang Pagpatay (lit. Killing Just Becomes A Habit) is an animated short film, drew themes of murder and massacre, about the butiki was crawling on different areas of the house but it turns out after killing the butiki with flip-flops leads to more gruesome ways about the massacre in the past.

In 2014, Lakas ng Lahi (lit. Race's Strength) is a historical drama animated short film that deals with abuse, oppression and war, briefly expanding each story and timeline from the Spanish colonial period to Japanese occupation of the Philippines.

In 2018, Barangay 143 (lit. District 143) is an anime-influenced television series covers drama, family tensions, and game-fixing crime syndicates, the story is about a rising basketball star who returns to Manila in search of his father.

Style and themes

Animated films produced in the Philippines have different types of animation: 2D or tradition in Urduja (top), CGI in RPG Metanoia (middle), and Rotoscoping in Manang Biring (bottom).

Filipino animation is largely attributed with conventional storytelling and animation techniques in Philippine filmmaking, television and advertisement that recognizes their relationship with Filipino culture and comics.

Almost all of the animated works have different narrative aesthetics such as history (e.g. Urduja), mythology (e.g. RPG Metanoia), supernatural (e.g. Dayo: Sa Mundo ng Elementalia), satire (e.g. Heneral Tuna), and non-narrative (e.g. Distortion).

Films, shorts, and televisions have different types of animation:

• Traditional – a first animation technique that introduced in the 1950s by Larry Alcala, used primarily in which frames are hand-drawn, cel or digitalized.
  • Example: Tadhana, Adarna: The Mythical Bird
• Stop-motion – an animation technique that introduced at the near end of the regime, used for satirical and fictionalized storytelling. Stop-motion animation have different technical forms: Brickfilm, clay, glass, paper cutouts and pixilation.
  • Example: Hari, Tahanan, Cleaners
• Rotoscoping – an animation technique that animators use to trace over live-action footages, frame by frame, to produce realistic action.
  • Example: Ang Panday, Manang Biring
• CGI – an animation technique that rarely use as an art form of creating moving images using computers.
  • Example: Fiesta Karera, RPG Metanoia
• Machinima – an animation technique that rarely use of real-time computer graphics or video game engines to create a cinematic production.
  • Example: Distortion

Like in adult-oriented animation, Filipino animation covers varieties of thematic elements, which presents the country’s socio-political issues, values, mythology, and even folklore. The use of themes in animation stress the importance of family, friendship, love, and faith. Other elements that are relatable to Filipinos including abuse, addiction, cancer, child abuse, death, depression, dysfunctional families, homelessness, nudity, pollution, poverty, sexuality, social issues, suicide, teenage pregnancy, and war.

People

While some well-known cartoonists in the 1950s and 1980s who are considered animation pioneers, these are some people as animation filmmakers or animators listed below:

Benedict Carandang

Recognized Filipino animator is Benedict Carandang, the co-founder of Tuldok Animation Studios and recipient of the United Kingdom’s British Council’s 2008 Young Screen Entrepreneur. Carandang produced the animation of Ramon del Prado's short-film entitled, Libingan or “The Burial”, inspired by the hanging coffins of Sagada, Mountain Province.

Avid Liongoren

Avid Liongoren is known for both animated and live-action productions, and founded an animation production company Rocketsheep Studios. He has directed two films: Saving Sally and Hayop Ka! (2020).

Carl Joseph Papa

Main article: Carl Joseph Papa

Carl Joseph Papa is known for adult-oriented rotoscoping animated films, produced three award-winning animation works: Manang Biring (2015), Paglisan (2018), and Iti Mapukpukaw (2023). His films have been screened at film festivals worldwide and received multiple awards.

Other people

• Alcarazen Brothers (Mike and Juan) – are siblings who is known for stop-motion short films with satirical elements in the 1980s.
• Frederick C.G. Borromeo – an experimental filmmaker, voice actor and YouTuber who is known for RPG Maker animated projects, most notably the non-narrative animated works Distortion (2023) and The Campfire (2024).

Outsourced animation

Main article: Outsourcing of animation to the Philippines

While the Filipino animation came from conventional storytelling and originality in Philippine tradition, the Philippines has become a major hub for outsourced animation work from international studios, such as Walt Disney Animation Studios and Bento Box Entertainment, due to its talented artists and lower production costs.

Organizations

Animation Council of the Philippines

The Animation Council of the Philippines, Inc. is the industry association and serves as the primary overseer and coordinator for Filipino animators. The council is a part of a bigger umbrella association coordinated by the Information Technology and Business Process Association of the Philippines (IBPAP).

Rocketsheep Studio

Rocketsheep Studio is an independent film studio used for live-action and animated projects, founded by Avid Liongoren in 2005. Films and web series are well-known in this studio including Hayop Ka!, Heneral Tuna and Saving Sally.

Tuldok Animation Studios

Tuldok Animation Studios is a Philippine non profit organization that produces, promotes, and facilitates animated projects in line with traditional Filipino values, co-founded by Benedict Carandang and Geraldo A. Garccia. The organization is well-known for animated projects including Sulayman.

Film festivals

Philippine Graphic Expo

Fiesta Karera, a 6-minute 3D animation entry of DLS-College of St. Benilde that won the 1st Philippine Animation Competition

The First Philippine animation festival was held in Pasay as an additional program of the 7th Philippine Graphic Expo of 2002 which featured 3D animation entries from De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde, University of the Philippines Diliman and Philippine Women's University via Artfarm and Animasia.

It was College of St. Benilde's entry, Fiesta Karera that won the festival which was authored by Ervin Malicdem, Dante Tiongson, Mark Ylagan, Jonathan Wongkee, Jefferson Lim, Vincent Cheng, Gerard Cruzado, Justin Teh, and Ace Gatdula.

Animahenasyon

Animahenasyon, an annual film festival for Philippine animated films.

Main article: Animahenasyon

Animahenasyon, a Filipinized contraction of animation and imagination, is a Philippine animation festival established by the Animation Council of the Philippines. Its purpose is to recognize Filipino animators and their original works and has become an institution with hundreds of animators joining every year, with contestants varying from students to teachers and professionals.

Known filmmakers who screened at the film festival with their own animated short films and won the major award in the competition such as Ionone Bangcas and Jerome Alcordo's Smog (2010) and Sulundon (2012), and Carl Joseph Papa's Love Bites (2017).

Films in Animahenasyon are also among the grand prize winners of the festival. In 2008, Love and Marriage by Kenny Lynn Taiayapa won the grand prize; Mutya (Muse) by Nelson Caliguia, Jr. won in 2009; When Alma Died by Richmond Wesley Ruiz Tan won in 2010; Sanayan lang ang Pagpatay by Gil Joseph Sanchez won in 2011; Marianing by Niko Salazar won in 2012; Buhay Kubo by Ellen Ramos won in 2013; Lakas ng Lahi by Arnold Arre won in 2014; GEO by John Aurthur Mercader won in 2015; and Strings by Rafael Daniel Evangelista won in 2016.

Cinema One Originals Film Festival

Main article: Cinema One Originals

The Cinema One Originals Film Festival, a division of ABS-CBN Films commonly known as Cinema One Originals, is an independent film festival in the Philippines originated for live-action feature films.

Carl Joseph Papa's Manang Biring and Paglisan are the only two animated films to be screened at the festival and won multiple awards including Best Film.

Metro Manila Film Festival

Main article: Metro Manila Film Festival

The Metro Manila Film Festival (MMFF) is an annual film festival organized by the Metro Manila Development Authority, focuses on Filipino produced films.

While Isko: Adventures in Animasia is the first hybrid film, Adarna: The Mythical Bird is officially the first animated film to be screened at the festival. Among other animated films who also screened at the festival and won many awards in many years including Dayo: Sa Mundo ng Elementalia (Best Sound, Best Visual Effects, Best Musical Score, and Best Original Theme Song), RPG Metanoia (3rd Best Picture, Best Sound Recording, and Best Original Theme Song), and Saving Sally (Best Musical Score).

The MMFF films are the winners of the festival under New Wave Category: Kaleh and Mbaki by Dennis Sebastian (won in 2013); An Maogmang Lugar by Mary Ann Espedido (won in 2014); and Buttons by Marvel Obemio, Francis Ramirez, and Jared Garcia (won in 2015). In 2016, the category was discontinued and short films were partnered with the full-length films. Passage of Life, an animated drama by De La Salle-College of St. Benilde students Renz Vincemark Cruz and Hannah Gayapa, won Best Work for Children.

Filmography

Further information: List of Philippine animated films and List of Philippine animated television series

Over the years, majority of Filipino-made international animated films (both feature and short) and series are largely outsourced by companies in the United States and Japan. In the past years, the Filipino animation industry began to create animations directed to Filipino and international audiences, such as Seven Little Monsters and Hazbin Hotel.

Only a few animated films and series, but extensively expanding animated short films, are actually made by Filipinos or Filipino diasporas specifically for Filipino audiences, although the number of films and series produced is still small compared to those produced by Japan, China, South Korea, and the United States. Most of them are adult-oriented themes and have been released for film festivals competitions.

Lost, cancelled and rediscovered

The Criminal (1981) is one of the very few remaining short films was rediscovered in the 2020s.

Most Filipino animated works were considered lost, partially found, or destroyed began in the 21st century, primarily Ang Panday, Sa Pagilid-gilid, and Adarna.

Division of Existence was supposed to be released on December 2017 through YouTube, but it never came to fruition due to lack of development and updates led to cancellation as of July 2017.

Only the remaining copies of Filipino animated feature and short films in late-20th century are rediscovered or survived at this point in the late 2010s including Tadhana, The Criminal and The Eye of the Sky, the latter two were released on YouTube. Tadhana was screened at the National Gallery Singapore’s "Painting with Light" by Mowelfund Film Institute and Archivo 1984 in 2018, thanks to Pandy Aviado, one of the cast members of the film, who revealed that he had the remaining copy of the film shown at live interview.

See also

• Cinema in the Philippines
• Independent animation
• Philippine New Wave

External links

• Ang Panday: The Animated Series TV Commercial (1987) on YouTube
• An Introduction to Animation | From Lines to Life on YouTube