Wikipedia

Toshiko Mayeda

Toshiko K. Mayeda (née Kuki) (1923–13 February 2004) was a Japanese American chemist who worked at the Enrico Fermi Institute in the University of Chicago. She worked on climate science and meteorites from 1958 to 2004.

Toshiko Mayeda
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Born
Toshiko K. Kuki

1923 (1923)
Tacoma, Washington
Died13 February 2004(2004-02-13) (aged 78–79)
Alma materUniversity of Chicago
Known forStudy of meteorites and of isotopes of oxygen
Scientific career
InstitutionsUniversity of Chicago
Academic advisorsRobert N. Clayton

Early life and education

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Toshiko Mayeda was born in Tacoma, Washington.[1] She grew up in Yokkaichi, Mie, and Osaka.[1] When the United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, she and her father Matsusaburo Kuki were sent to the Tule Lake War Relocation Center.[2][3] Whilst there she met her future husband, Harry Mayeda.[4] After the war, she graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of Chicago in 1949.[5]

Research

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Mayeda worked initially as a laboratory assistant to Harold Urey at the University of Chicago, where she was hired initially to wash glassware.[6][7] They used mass spectrometry to measure oxygen isotopes in the shells of marine molluscs which gave information on the prehistoric temperatures of ocean waters and hence paleoclimates.[8] Urey developed the field of cosmochemistry and with Mayeda studied primitive meteorites, also by using oxygen isotope analysis.[9] Later, she worked with Cesare Emiliani on isotopic evaluation of the ice age.[10][11] When Urey retired from the university in 1958, Mayeda was persuaded to remain there by Robert N. Clayton, and collaborate with him on applications of mass spectroscopy.[12] She was described as an indomitable research assistant.[13][14]

Mayeda and Clayton's first research paper considered the use of Bromine pentafluoride to extract Isotopes of oxygen from rocks and minerals.[15] It remains their most cited work.[8] From the 1970s until the late 1990s Mayeda and Clayton became famous for their use of oxygen isotopes to classify meteorites.[12] They developed several tests that were used across the field of meteorite and lunar sample analysis.[16][17][18] They studied variations in the abundances of the stable isotopes of oxygen, oxygen-16, oxygen-17 and oxygen-18,[19] and deduced differences in the formation temperatures of the meteorites.[20] They also worked on the mass spectroscopy and chemistry of the Allende meteorite.[12][21] They published many scientific papers on the "oxygen thermometer" and analysed approximately 300 lunar samples that had been collected during NASAs Apollo Program.[8][14] In 1992, a new type of meteorite, the Brachinite, was identified.[22] Clayton and Mayeda studied the Achondrite meteorites and showed that variations in the oxygen-17 isotope ratios within a planet are due to inhomogeneities in the Solar Nebula.[23] They analysed Shergotty meteorites, proposing that there could have been a water-rich atmosphere on Mars[24] and studied the Bocaiuva meteorite, finding that the Eagle Station meteorite was formed due to impact heating.[25]

In 2002 Mayeda was awarded the Society Merit Prize from the Geochemical Society of Japan.[7] In the same year, an asteroid was named after her.[7] Mayeda's husband, Harry, died in 2003. Mayeda suffered from cancer and died on February 13, 2004.[7] In 2008, the book Oxygen in the Solar System was dedicated to Clayton and Mayeda.[26]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Toshiko K. Mayeda, Chemist, 1923-2004". www-news.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
  2. ^ "Japanese American Internee Data File: Toshiko Kuki". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  3. ^ "Social Welfare Appointment Notes" (PDF). Berkeley. 1943-09-20. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
  4. ^ "Japanese American Archival Collection" (PDF). Sacramento State. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  5. ^ "The University of Chicago Magazine: June 2004". magazine.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
  6. ^ Van Tiggelen, Bridget (2019). "The women behind the periodic table" (PDF). Nature. 565: 561.
  7. ^ a b c d "Toshiko K. Mayeda, 81". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
  8. ^ a b c Shindell, Matthew (2019). "Toshiko Mayeda and the Isotopes of Oxygen". Women in Their Element. pp. 415–421. doi:10.1142/9789811206290_0033. ISBN 978-981-12-0628-3. S2CID 201220619.
  9. ^ Shindell, Matthew (2019). The Life and Science of Harold C. Urey. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226662084.
  10. ^ Emiliani, C.; Mayeda, T.; Selli, R. (1961). "Paleotemperature Analysis of the Plio-Pleistocene Section at Le Castella, Calabria, Southern Italy". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 72 (5): 679. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[679:PAOTPS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
  11. ^ The composition of matter : symposium honouring Johannes Geiss on the occasion of his 80th birthday. Steiger, R. von (Rudolf), Gloeckler, G., Mason, G. M. (Glenn Marggraf), 1943-, Geiss, Johannes., International Space Science Institute. New York: Springer. 2007. ISBN 9780387741840. OCLC 209984881.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  12. ^ a b c Clayton, Robert N. (May 2007). "Isotopes: From Earth to the Solar System". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 35 (1): 1–19. Bibcode:2007AREPS..35....1C. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.35.092006.145059. ISSN 0084-6597.
  13. ^ Wood, John A. (1982). "Citation on the Award of the Leonard Medal of the Meteoritical Society to Dr. Robert N. Clayton". Meteoritics. 17 (4): 171–174. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1982.tb00090.x.
  14. ^ a b Shindell, Matthew (March 2020). "The indomitable Toshiko Mayeda". Chemistry World. 17 (3): 36–37.
  15. ^ Clayton, Robert N.; Mayeda, Toshiko K. (1963-01-01). "The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 27 (1): 43–52. Bibcode:1963GeCoA..27...43C. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(63)90071-1. ISSN 0016-7037.
  16. ^ "Robert N. Clayton, 'one of the giants' of cosmochemistry, 1930-2017". www.myscience.org. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
  17. ^ "In Memorian, Bob Clayton (1930–2017)" (PDF). Elements Magazine. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
  18. ^ Clayton, Robert N.; Onuma, Naoki; Mayeda, Toshiko K. (1976-04-01). "A classification of meteorites based on oxygen isotopes". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 30 (1): 10–18. Bibcode:1976E&PSL..30...10C. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(76)90003-0. ISSN 0012-821X.
  19. ^ Burbine, Thomas H. (2016-12-15). Asteroids: Astronomical and Geological Bodies. Cambridge University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9781316867396.
  20. ^ Onuma, Naoki; Clayton, Robert N.; Mayeda, Toshiko K. (1972-02-01). "Oxygen isotope cosmothermometer". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 36 (2): 169–188. Bibcode:1972GeCoA..36..169O. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(72)90005-1. ISSN 0016-7037.
  21. ^ Clayton, R. N.; Onuma, N.; Grossman, L.; Mayeda, T. K. (1977-03-01). "Distribution of the pre-solar component in Allende and other carbonaceous chondrites". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 34 (2): 209–224. Bibcode:1977E&PSL..34..209C. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(77)90005-X. ISSN 0012-821X.
  22. ^ E., Nehru, C.; M., Prinz; K., Weisberg, M.; M., Ebihara; N., Clayton, R.; K., Mayeda, T. (July 1992). "Brachinites: A New Primitive Achondrite Group". Meteoritics. 27 (3): 267. Bibcode:1992Metic..27R.267N. ISSN 0026-1114.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Clayton, Robert N.; Mayeda, Toshiko K. (1996-06-01). "Oxygen isotope studies of achondrites". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 60 (11): 1999–2017. Bibcode:1996GeCoA..60.1999C. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(96)00074-9. ISSN 0016-7037.
  24. ^ Bouvier, A.; et al. (2009). "Martian meteorite chronology and the evolution of the interior of Mars". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 280 (1–4): 285–295. Bibcode:2009E&PSL.280..285B. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.042.
  25. ^ Malvin, Daniel J.; Wasson, John T.; Clayton, Robert N.; Mayeda, Toshiko K.; Curvello, Walter Silva (1985). "Bocaiuva-A Silicate-Inclusion Bearing Iron Meteorite Related to the Eagle-Station Pallasites". Meteoritics. 20 (2): 259–273. Bibcode:1985Metic..20..259M. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1985.tb00864.x. ISSN 0026-1114.
  26. ^ "Solar system book dedicated to Robert Clayton, 'Mr. Oxygen'". University of Chicago News. 22 May 2008. Retrieved 2018-08-05.

Further reading

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