Tournament selection is a method of selecting an individual from a population of individuals in a genetic algorithm.[1] Tournament selection involves running several "tournaments" among a few individuals (or "chromosomes") chosen at random from the population. The winner of each tournament (the one with the best fitness) is selected for crossover. Selection pressure, a probabilistic measure of a chromosome's likelihood of participation in the tournament based on the participant selection pool size, is easily adjusted by changing the tournament size. The reason is that if the tournament size is larger, weak individuals have a smaller chance to be selected, because, if a weak individual is selected to be in a tournament, there is a higher probability that a stronger individual is also in that tournament.
The tournament selection method may be described in pseudo code:
choose k (the tournament size) individuals from the population at random choose the best individual from the tournament with probability p choose the second best individual with probability p*(1-p) choose the third best individual with probability p*((1-p)^2) and so on
Deterministic tournament selection selects the best individual (when p = 1) in any tournament. A 1-way tournament (k = 1) selection is equivalent to random selection. There are two variants of the selection: with and without replacement. The variant without replacement guarantees that when selecting N individuals from a population of N elements, each individual participates in exactly k tournaments. An algorithm is proposed in.[2] Note that depending on the number of elements selected, selection without replacement does not guarantee that no individual is selected more than once. It just guarantees that each individual has an equal chance of participating in the same number of tournaments.
In comparison with the (stochastic) fitness proportionate selection method, tournament selection is often implemented in practice due to its lack of stochastic noise.[3]
Tournament selection has several benefits over alternative selection methods for genetic algorithms (for example, fitness proportionate selection and reward-based selection): it is efficient to code, works on parallel architectures and allows the selection pressure to be easily adjusted.[1] Tournament selection has also been shown to be independent of the scaling of the genetic algorithm fitness function (or 'objective function') in some classifier systems.[4][5]
References
edit- ^ a b Miller, Brad; Goldberg, David (1995). "Genetic Algorithms, Tournament Selection, and the Effects of Noise" (PDF). Complex Systems. 9: 193–212. S2CID 6491320. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-31.
- ^ Goldberg, David E.; Korb, Bradley; Deb, Kalyanmoy (1989). "Messy Genetic Algorithms: Motivation, Analysis, and First Results" (PDF). Complex Systems. 3 (5): 493–530.
- ^ Blickle, Tobias; Thiele, Lothar (December 1996). "A Comparison of Selection Schemes Used in Evolutionary Algorithms". Evolutionary Computation. 4 (4): 361–394. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.15.9584. doi:10.1162/evco.1996.4.4.361. S2CID 42718510.
- ^ Cantú-Paz, Erick, ed. (2003). Genetic and Evolutionary Computation -- GECCO 2003 : Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Chicago, IL, USA, July 12-16, 2003 Proceedings, Part II. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-45110-5.
- ^ Goldberg, David; Deb, Kalyanmoy (1991). "A comparative analysis of selection schemes used in genetic algorithms" (PDF). Foundations of Genetic Algorithms. 1: 69–93. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-050684-5.50008-2. ISBN 9780080506845. S2CID 938257. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-17.