Wikipedia

Traffic law in the Philippines

Traffic law in the Philippines consists of multiple laws that govern the regulation and management of road transportation and the conduct of road users within the country.

The Land Transportation Office, which is responsible for the regulation and enforcement of land transportation rules and regulations.

The official and latest traffic code of the Philippines is Republic Act No. 4136, also known as the "Land Transportation and Traffic Code", which was enacted into law on June 20, 1964.[1]

Applicable laws

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The following table lists all Philippine laws applicable to the governance of road transportation and road users across the Philippines or in specific major areas within the country.

Designation Date passed Title Status Scope
List of national traffic laws
Act No. 3045 March 10, 1922 Motor Vehicle Law Repealed by RA 4136 Establishes a law regulating motor vehicle traffic and requiring the registration of motor vehicles and licensing of motor vehicle drivers.[2]
Act No. 3992 December 3, 1932 Revised Motor Vehicle Law Repealed by RA 4136 Revises provisions in Act No. 3045. Some of these changes include changes to definitions, penalties, and speed limits. [3]
RA 2000 June 22, 1957 Limited Access Highway Act In effect Authorizes the construction of limited-access highways and defines traffic laws applicable to users of limited-access highways.[4]
RA 4136 June 20, 1964 Land Transportation and Traffic Code In effect National traffic code. Covers the regulation and licensing of owners, dealers, conductors, drivers, and similar matters of motor vehicles, as well as the traffic laws that apply only to motor vehicles.[1] This act is based on Act No. 3992 and repeals it.[3]
PD 96 January 13, 1973 Presidential Decree No. 96 In effect Prohibits and penalizes the usage of sirens, horns, or other similar gadgets with "exceptionally loud or startling sound" on motor vehicles and restricts such usage to authorized government vehicles.[5]
RA 8750 August 5, 1999 Seat Belts Use Act of 1999 In effect Mandates the inclusion of seat belts on private and public motor vehicles, excluding tricycles and motorcycles.[6]
RA 10054 July 27, 2009 Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009 In effect Mandates the wearing of a standard motorcycle helmet for riders and backriders of motorcycles.[7]
RA 10586 July 23, 2012 Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013 In effect Penalizes driving under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs, and other substances.[8]
RA 10666 July 28, 2014 Children's Safety on Motorcycles Act of 2015 In effect Regulates the backriding of children onboard on public roads with heavy and fast moving traffic.[9]
RA 10913 July 27, 2015 Anti-Distracted Driving Act In effect Defines and penalizes distracted driving, particularly with electronics such as mobile phones.[10]
RA 10916 July 27, 2015 Road Speed Limiter Act of 2016 In effect Prohibits the registration and operation of any covered motor vehicle without a speed limiter device.[11]
RA 11697 April 15, 2022 Electric Vehicle Industry Act (EVIDA) In effect Defines policies and responsibilities to create an enabling environment for the development of electric vehicles and micromobility.[12]
Designation Date passed Title Status Scope
List of department-level traffic issuances and orders
DPWC AO No. 1 s. 1968 February 19, 1968 Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Limited Access Highways Amended by DPWH DO No. 123 s. 2001 An administrative order issued by the Department of Public Works and Communications (now the Department of Public Works and Highways), by virtue of RA 2000, defining traffic rules and regulations governing limited-access highways.[13]
DPWH DO No. 123 s. 2001 July 18, 2001 Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Limited Access Highways In effect Amends provisions in DPWC AO 1 s. 1968 to allow motorcycles on limited access highways and defines rules and regulations specific to motorcycles on such highways.[14]
LTO AHS 2008-015 May 15, 2008 Rules and Regulations for the Use and Operation of Motorcycles on Highways In effect Defines traffic rules and regulations for motorcycles on roads and highways.[15]
JAO 2014-01 June 2, 2014 Revised Schedule of Fines and Penalties for Violations of Laws, Rules and Regulations Governing Land Transportation In effect Additional fines and penalties for the violation of land transportation traffic laws.[16]
JMC 2018-01 January 17, 2018 Guidelines and Standards for the Classifications of Roads, Setting of Speed Limits Under Republic Act No. 4136, and Collection of Road Crash Data In effect Standardizes speed limits to be based on road classification and empowers local government units to collect road crash data and set local speed limits on local roads.[17]
DOTr DO No. 2020-14 August 25, 2020 Guidelines and Protocols for Active Transportation and Light Mobility Vehicles In effect Establishes and prescribes road safety protocols and penalties for motor vehicles, bicycles, and other non-motorized transport on the road.[18]
LTO AO No. 2021-039 May 11, 2021 Consolidated Guidelines in the Classification, Registration and Operation of All Types of Electric Motor Vehicles Partially suspended[19] Defines, classifies, and regulates the operation, registration, and related penalties of electric motor vehicles, including electric cars, electric bicycles, and mobility scooters.[20]
LTO AO No. VDM-2024-044 February 21, 2024 Amended Consolidated Guidelines in the Classification, Registration and Operation of All Types of Electric Vehicles Partially suspended[19] Amends and revises sections of LTO AO No. 2021-039 for light electric vehicles.[21]

The following laws are only applicable to the Metro Manila area.

Designation Date passed Title Status Scope
List of Metro Manila traffic laws
Joint Metro Manila Traffic Circular No. 01 February 1, 2023 Metro Manila Traffic Code of 2023 In effect Regional traffic code for Metro Manila covering unified traffic rules, regulations, ticketing, and penalties.[22]

Since its enactment in 1964, there have been 12 amendments to RA 4136, the latest being in 2017.

Definitions and coverage

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Vehicles

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Motor vehicles are defined by RA 4136 and the Metro Manila Traffic Code as any vehicle propelled by any power other than human power. Exceptions to this definition include vehicles on railway tracks, motor vehicles such as road rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, forklifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes when not on public roads, as well as tractors, trailers, and vehicles with traction engines used exclusively for agriculture. In addition, trailers with any number of wheels propelled or intended to be proplled by a motor vehicle are classified as a separate motor vehicle.[1][22]

Regulations for the use of bicycles and other non-motorized vehicles are defined by the DOTr in Department Order No. 2020-14.[18]

Motor vehicle classifications

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Motor vehicles in the Philippines are classified by the Land Transportation Office (LTO) according to vehicle category classifications established by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).[35] Vehicles are classified according to whether they are propelled by diesel, electric, or gasoline powered motor engines, as well as maximum design speed and vehicle weight. Electric motor vehicles are classified in a similar manner, but are subject to additional criteria based on power output, particularly for light electric vehicles (LEVs), which have added restrictions and exemptions.[20]

Electric vehicles were first classified on May 11, 2021 with the issuance of LTO Administrative Order No. 2021-039. This order integrated purely electric-powered vehicles into the existing vehicle category classification system and introduced specific requirements for LEVs, delineating restrictions on allowed roads, registration and licensing requirements, and the requirement of motorcycle or bicycle helmet.[20]

In 2024, LTO Administrative Order No. VDM-2024-044 revised these classification guidelines, allowing LEVs to operate on all public highways, excluding expressways, provided they are registered with the LTO and operated by appropriately licensed drivers. Certain classifications were also removed, and all two-wheeled vehicles were required to use motorcycle helmets.[21]

As of October 2024, provisions concerning the licensing, registration, and restrictions of LEVs in both LTO Administrative Order No. 2021-039 and LTO Administrative order No. VDM-2024-044 have been suspended following a directive from the Department of Transportation (DOTr) to review all LTO issuances that are inconsistent with the Electric Vehicle Industry Act (RA 11697).[19]

Electric Scooter and Category L EV classifications (as of 2024)[21]
Category Specifications Restrictions
Road restrictions Helmet requirement Driver's license restrictions Vehicle registration
Electric Mobility Scooter
  • Two, three, or four wheeled electric vehicle with or without pedals
  • Maximum design speed not exceeding 12.5 km/h (7.8 mph)
  • Powered by less than 300 W
 Allowed on all roads excluding limited-access highways Motorcycle helmet A restriction Required
Category L1
Two-wheeled Moped
  • Two wheeled electric vehicle with or without pedals
  • Maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km/h (31 mph)
 Motorcycle helmet A restriction Required
Category L2
Three-wheeled Moped
  • Three wheeled electric vehicle with or without pedals
  • Maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km/h (31 mph)
 Not required A restriction Required
Category L3
Motorcycle
  • Two-wheeled electric vehicle
  • Maximum design speed exceeding 50 km/h (31 mph)
 Motorcycle helmet A restriction Required
Category L4
Asymmetric Three Wheeled Vehicle
  • Three-wheeled asymmetrical (with sidecar) electric vehicle with a maximum curb vehicle weight of 600 kilograms (1,300 lb)
  • Maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km/h (31 mph)
  • Powered by least 1000 W
 Not required A1 restriction Required
Category L5
Symmetric Three Wheeled Vehicle
  • Three-wheeled symmetrical electric vehicle with a maximum curb vehicle weight of 600 kilograms (1,300 lb)
  • Maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km/h (31 mph)
  • Powered by at least 1000 W
 Not required A1 restriction Required
Category L6
Light Quadricycle
  • Four-wheeled electric vehicle with a maximum curb vehicle weight of 350 kilograms (770 lb)
  • Maximum design speed not exceeding 45 km/h (28 mph)
  • Powered by up to 4000 W
 Not required A1 restriction Required
Category L7
Heavy Quadricycle
  • Four-wheeled electric vehicle with a maximum curb vehicle weight of 350 to 550 kilograms (770 to 1,210 lb)
  • Maximum design speed of 45 km/h (28 mph)
  • Powered by up to 15000 W
 Not required A1 restriction Required
Category L classifications (non-EV)
Category Specifications Restrictions
Road restrictions Helmet requirement Driver's license restrictions Vehicle registration
Category L1
Two-wheeled Moped
  • Two wheeled diesel or gasoline vehicle with or without pedals
  • Maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km/h (31 mph)
 Allowed on all roads excluding limited-access highways Motorcycle helmet A restriction Required
Category L2
Three-wheeled Moped
  • Three wheeled diesel or gasoline vehicle with or without pedals
  • Maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km/h (31 mph)
 Not required A restriction Required
Category L3
Motorcycle
  • Two-wheeled diesel or gasoline vehicle
  • Maximum design speed exceeding 50 km/h (31 mph)
 Allowed on all roads excluding limited-access highways, with exceptions[Note 2] Motorcycle helmet A restriction Required
Category L4
Asymmetric Three Wheeled Vehicle
  • Three-wheeled asymmetrical (with sidecar) diesel or gasoline vehicle with a maximum curb vehicle weight of 600 kilograms (1,300 lb)
  • Maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km/h (31 mph)
 Allowed on all roads excluding limited-access highways Not required A1 restriction Required
Category L5
Symmetric Three Wheeled Vehicle
  • Three-wheeled symmetrical diesel or gasoline vehicle with a maximum curb vehicle weight of 600 kilograms (1,300 lb)
  • Maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km/h (31 mph)
 Not required A1 restriction Required
Category L6
Light Quadricycle
  • Four-wheeled diesel or gasoline vehicle with a maximum curb vehicle weight of 350 kilograms (770 lb)
  • Maximum design speed not exceeding 45 km/h (28 mph)
 Not required A1 restriction Required
Category L7
Heavy Quadricycle
  • Four-wheeled diesel or gasoline vehicle with a maximum curb vehicle weight of 350 to 550 kilograms (770 to 1,210 lb)
  • Maximum design speed of 45 km/h (28 mph)
 Not required A1 restriction Required
Category M and N classifications (EV and non-EV)
Category Specifications Restrictions
Road restrictions Driver's license restrictions Vehicle registration
Category M1
Car, Van, and SUV
  • Electric, diesel, and gasoline vehicles with not more than 8 passenger seats
  • Gasoline and diesel variants with a gross vehicle weight up to 5,000 kilograms (5.0 t)
  • Electric variants with a gross vehicle weight up to 3.5 metric tons (3,500 kg)
 Allowed on all roads including limited-access highways B restriction Required
Category M2
Utility Vehicle and Jeepney
  • Electric, diesel, and gasoline vehicles with more than 8 passenger seats
  • Gasoline and diesel variants with a gross vehicle weight up to 5,000 kilograms (5.0 t)
  • Electric variants with a gross vehicle weight of 3.500 to 5.000 kilograms (7.716 to 11.023 lb)
 B1 restriction Required
Category M3
Bus and e-Bus
  • Electric, diesel, and gasoline passenger vehicles with more than 8 seats
  • Gross vehicle weight exceeding 5,000 kilograms (5.0 t)
 D restriction Required
Category N1
Truck
  • Electric, diesel, and gasoline vehicles carrying goods with a gross vehicle weight up to 3,500 kilograms (3.5 t)
 C restriction Required
Category N2
Truck
  • Electric, diesel, and gasoline vehicles carrying goods with a gross vehicle weight of 3,500 to 12,000 kilograms (3.5 to 12.0 t)
 C restriction Required
Category N3
Truck
  • Electric, diesel, and gasoline vehicles carrying goods with a gross vehicle weight exceeding 12,000 kilograms (12 t)
 C restriction Required
Category O1
Articulated Car
BE restriction Required
Category O2
Articulated Car
BE restriction Required
Category O3
Articulated Truck
CE restriction Required

Roads

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All public roads and highways, defined as thoroughfares, boulevards, driveways, avenues, parks, and alleys are covered by RA 4136. This does not include corridors within private property or any institutions.[1]

Republic Act No. 917 or the Philippine Highway Act of 1953 prohibits highways, bridges, or right-of-ways covered by RA 4136 from being obstructed, or from being usurped or converted to private use. The act also prohibits the removal or tampering of road infrastructure such as markers, signs, and other road-side facilities.[36]

RA 4136 also applies to limited-access highways, more commonly known as expressways, alongside additional traffic laws and restrictions provided by Republic Act No. 2000 and DPWC Administrative Order No. 1 series of 1968.

In Metro Manila, the Metro Manila Traffic Code covers all roads and public places within the metro.[22]

Parking

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Under RA 4136 and the Metro Manila Traffic Code, a motor vehicle is considered to be parked when it has been stopped on the shoulder or edge of a highway for an "appreciable" period of time. A motor vehicle stopping to unload passengers or cargo is not considered to be parked if the vehicle moves away "without delay".[1][22]

RA 4136 states that parking a vehicle — by leaving it attended or unattended for an "appreciable" period of time — is prohibited inside an intersection or within 6 m (20 ft) of it, in front of a private driveway, on a pedestrian crossing, within 4 m (13 ft) of a fire hydrant or a driveway of a fire station, and where "no parking" signs are placed.[1]

Parking on any sidewalk, path, or alley not intended for vehicular traffic or parking (such as bicycle lanes) is also prohibited by RA 4136 and DOTr Department Order No. 2020-014.[1][18]

Standard rules

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List of some standard rules of the road for motor vehicles and animal-drawn vehicles, all based on RA 4136:[1]

Speed limits

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Main article: Speed limits in the Philippines

Speed limits for motor vehicles across the country are defined by RA 4136 based on the type of roads and their conditions. A higher maximum speed limit is generally applied to light motor vehicles while lower maximum speed limits are applied to heavier motor vehicles.[1]

There are no minimum speed limits on public roads except on expressways.[13] However, RA 4136 states that a driver of a motor vehicle must drive at a "careful and prudent speed, not greater nor less than is reasonable and proper" with regards to road conditions.[1]

Pursuant to DILG-DPWH-DOTr Joint Memorandum Circular 2018-001, local government units may designate lower maximum speed limits on local roads in the interest of road safety.[17][22]

Lane splitting and filtering

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Main articles: Lane splitting and Lane sharing

Lane splitting and lane filtering is not explicitly illegal on Philippine roads for any type of vehicle. However, lane sharing (which is incorrectly defined as "lane splitting") is considered illegal for motorcycles under LTO Administrative Order 2008-015, which states that a motorcycle or scooter must observe one lane per vehicle only.[15] This policy however, is not actively enforced on the road.[37]

Section 3 of DPWC AO No. 1 s. 1968 prohibits any vehicle from lane splitting, lane sharing, or lane filtering on all expressways in the Philippines. This also applies to motorcycles, as of DPWH Department Order No. 123 s. 2001.[13][38]

Overtaking lanes and slow lanes

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Main article: Overtaking

Expressways in the Philippines have a passing lane designated for overtaking and lanes designated for slow-moving vehicles.[13] This however does not apply to public roads by default.

Section 3 of DPWC AO No. 1 s. 1968 states that slow-moving vehicles on expressways must use the right lane and use the left lane only when passing.[13]

Liability in incidents

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RA 4136 states that any accident resulting in death or injuries of another person due to negligence or reckless or unreasonable fast driving will be subject to provisions of the Revised Penal Code.[1]

The traffic code also states that in the event of an accident, the driver must stop and show their drivers' license and the details of registration of the vehicle to the other parties involved. No driver of a motor vehicle involved in an accident should leave the scene without aiding any victims except if there is imminent danger of harm, if the incident is reported to law enforcement, or if medical services are called.[1]

The Civil Code of the Philippines also dictates in the following articles that the liability of operating motor vehicles falls primarily on the owner or driver:[39]

  • Article 2184 states that in motor vehicle mishaps, the owner is solidarily liable with his driver, if the former, who was in the vehicle, could have, by the use of the due diligence, prevented the misfortune. It is disputably presumed that a driver was negligent, if he had been found guilty of reckless driving or violating traffic regulations at least twice within the next preceding two months. If the owner was not in the motor vehicle, the provisions of article 2180 are applicable.
  • Article 2185 states that unless there is proof to the contrary, it is presumed that a person driving a motor vehicle has been negligent if at the time of the mishap, he was violating any traffic regulation.
  • Article 2186 states that every owner of a motor vehicle shall file with the proper government office a bond executed by a government-controlled corporation or office, to answer for damages to third persons. The amount of the bond and other terms shall be fixed by the competent public official.

In 2004, the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in Añonuevo v. Court of Appeals that Article 2185 was not intended at the time of its creation in 1950 to also cover non-motorized vehicles on the road, affirming previous rulings that have affirmed the higher level of responsibility expected from motor vehicle drivers. The ruling also clarifies the principle of negligence per se, which states that to indict individuals for negligence in an incident, the violation of a statutory duty must directly cause the incident.[40]

Pedestrian crossings

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See also: Jaywalking § Philippines

RA 4136 states that within commercial or residential areas, drivers of vehicles must yield the right of way to a pedestrians crossing public roads on pedestrian crossings, except when traffic movement is regulated by traffic enforcers. On the other hand, pedestrians must yield their right of way to motor vehicles when crossing a public road at any point other than a pedestrian crossing.[1]

Traffic restrictions

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Outside of the traffic code, there are traffic restrictions which designate the time and day that certain vehicles or road users are allowed to operate on, as well as specific roads where these restrictions are enforced or exempted on.

Light electric vehicles

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In Metro Manila, LEVs such as electric bicycles (e-bicycles), motorized scooters, and electric rickshaws (e-tricycles) are required to use bicycle lanes when traversing major roads as designated by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority in MMDA Regulation 24-002 and its implementing guidelines in MMDA Memorandum Circular No. 4 s. 2024.[41]

RA 11697 provides that light electric vehicles may also use bicycle lanes.[12] All light electric vehicles with a maximum design speed below 60 km/h (37 mph) are prohibited on roads designated as expressways.[13]

Motorcycles

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Motorcycles and mopeds are allowed on most roads with the exception of roads designated as expressways.

Only two-wheeled motorcycles with an engine displacement of 400 cc (24 cu in) and three-wheeled motorcycles with an engine displacement of 600 cc (37 cu in) are allowed to be used on expressways.[13][42]

Some highways, particularly in Metro Manila, have motorcycle lanes where motorcycles are designated to use. However, these lanes are usually not exclusive to motorcycles and allow other road users to use them and require motorcycles to remain in the lane. One exception to this is the motorcycle lane along Commonwealth Avenue where vehicles other than motorcycles may be penalized for unnecessary usage of the motorcycle lane.[43]

Non-motorized transport

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See also: Cycling in the Philippines

Non-motorized vehicles include bicycles, kick scooters, and pedicabs, which are allowed on all public roads unless restricted otherwise.[citation needed]

All non-motorized transport are prohibited on roads designated as expressways.[13]

Bicycle lanes are lanes along roads or separate paths designated for the exclusive or shared use of bicycles, non-motorized transport, and light electric vehicles.[18][12] The generally applied rule is that only personal kick scooters, mobility scooters, bicycles, and pedal-assist bicycles are allowed to use bicycle lanes.[18][20]

In Metro Manila, alongside LEVs, pedicabs and kuligligs are prohibited from traversing major roads and may only cross said roads as designated by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority in MMDA Regulation 24-002 and its implementing guidelines in MMDA Memorandum Circular No. 4 s. 2024.[41]

Some cities and municipalities have local traffic codes that require the registration of bicycles and mandate that bicycles are to be ridden only on bicycle lanes when present along a road,[44] such as in San Juan[45] and Mandaluyong.[46] However, the bicycle-specific sections of the majority of these ordinances are not being actively enforced or may have been forgotten.[citation needed]

Public utility vehicles

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Public transport vehicles, such as jeepneys, buses, and the UV Express are restricted to use designated lanes on certain roads. A notable example of this is the EDSA Busway, located on the inner lanes of EDSA in Metro Manila, which is restricted for the exclusive use of EDSA Carousel route buses and authorized government vehicles.

Similar to trucks, buses are to use the outermost lanes on the expressway. On the other hand, both public and private jeepneys are classified the same as cars and are allowed on all lanes.[citation needed]

Tricycles, pedicabs, and motorized tricycles used for public transport are prohibited from using national highways based on the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) Memorandum Circular No. 2020-036. This restriction does not apply to those being used for private use.[47]

Trucks

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Main article: Traffic in Metro Manila § Truck Ban Ordinance

Trucks are prohibited from passing through certain roads due to their large size and concern for safety around trucks. In Metro Manila, a truck ban ordinance prohibits trucks from most roads during the day and designates certain roads that are exempted from the truck ban.[48]

Some highways such as Circumferential Road 5 have designated lanes that trucks must stay in at all times while traversing the road, usually designated on the third lane from the sidewalk.[49] In addition to this, expressways have also designated the outermost lanes as lanes where trucks are only allowed to use.[citation needed]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Except for L3 units with a higher minimum power rating, to be determined by the Department of Transportation.
  2. ^ Except for two-wheeled motorcycles with an engine displacement above 400 cc (24 cu in) and three-wheeled motorcycles with engine displacement above 600 cc (37 cu in).

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Republic Act No. 4136 (June 20, 1964), Land Transportation and Traffic Code, archived from the original on August 30, 2023, retrieved August 30, 2023
  2. ^ Act No. 3992 (March 10, 1922), Motor Vehicle Law, retrieved January 25, 2024
  3. ^ a b Act No. 3992 (December 3, 1932), Revised Motor Vehicle Law, retrieved January 25, 2024
  4. ^ Republic Act No. 2000 (June 22, 1957), Limited Access Highway Act, archived from the original on November 3, 2023, retrieved November 3, 2023
  5. ^ Presidential Decree No. 96 (January 13, 1973), Presidential Decree No. 96, archived from the original on November 7, 2023, retrieved November 1, 2023
  6. ^ Republic Act No. 8750 (August 5, 1999), Seat Belts Use Act of 1999, archived from the original on September 1, 2023, retrieved September 1, 2023
  7. ^ Republic Act No. 10054 (July 27, 2009), Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009, archived from the original on May 18, 2023, retrieved September 1, 2023
  8. ^ Republic Act No. 10586 (July 23, 2012), Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013, archived from the original on September 1, 2023, retrieved September 1, 2023
  9. ^ Republic Act No. 10666 (July 28, 2014), Children's Safety on Motorcycles Act of 2015, archived from the original on September 13, 2023, retrieved September 1, 2023
  10. ^ Republic Act No. 10913 (June 20, 1964), Anti-Distracted Driving Act (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on January 1, 2023, retrieved September 1, 2023
  11. ^ Republic Act No. 10916 (July 27, 2015), Road Speed Limiter Act of 2016, archived from the original on November 1, 2023, retrieved November 1, 2023
  12. ^ a b c Republic Act No. 11697 (April 15, 2022), An Act Providing For The Development Of The Electric Vehicle Industry
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Department of Public Works and Communications Administrative Order No. 1 (February 19, 1968), Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Limited Access Highways (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2017
  14. ^ Department of Public Works and Highways Department Order No. 123 (July 18, 2001), Revised Rules and Regulations Governing Limited Access Highways (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2017, retrieved November 23, 2023
  15. ^ a b Land Transportation Office Administrative Order No. AHS-2008-015 (May 15, 2008), Rules and Regulations for the Use and Operation of Motorcycles on Highways, archived from the original on November 3, 2023, retrieved November 3, 2023
  16. ^ Department of Transportation and Communications Joint Administrative Order No. 2014-01 (June 2, 2014), Revised Schedule of Fines and Penalties for Violation of Laws, Rules and Regulations Governing Land Transportation (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on June 30, 2022, retrieved August 30, 2023
  17. ^ a b DOTr-DPWH-DILG Joint Memorandum Circular No. 2018-01 (January 17, 2018), Joint Memorandum Circular No. 2018-001: Guidelines and Standards for the Classifications of Roads, Setting of Speed Limits Under Republic Act No. 4136, and Collection of Road Crash Data (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2021, retrieved July 14, 2021
  18. ^ a b c d e Department of Transportation Department Order No. 14 (August 25, 2020), Guidelines and Protocols for Active Transportation and Light Mobility Vehicles (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2023, retrieved November 1, 2023
  19. ^ a b c Land Transportation Office Memorandum (October 2, 2024), Suspension of LTO Administrative Order No. 2021-039 and LTO Administrative Order No. VDM-2024-044 or The Guidelines in the Classification, Registration and Operation of All Types of Electric Vehicles (PDF), retrieved October 15, 2024
  20. ^ a b c d e Land Transportation Office Administrative Order No. 39 (May 11, 2021), Consolidated Guidelines in the Classification, Registration and Operation of All Types of Electric Motor Vehicles (PDF), retrieved October 15, 2024
  21. ^ a b c Land Transportation Office Administrative Order No. VDM-2024-044 (February 21, 2024), Amended Consolidated Guidelines in the Classification, Registration and Operation of All Types of Electric Vehicles (PDF), retrieved March 12, 2024
  22. ^ a b c d e "Metro Manila Traffic Code of 2023" (PDF). February 1, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  23. ^ Republic Act No. 5715 (June 21, 1969), EAn Act Amending Section Thirty-four of Republic Act Numbered Four Thousand One Hundred Thirty-six, archived from the original on November 3, 2023, retrieved November 3, 2023
  24. ^ Presidential Decree No. 382 (January 28, 1974), Extending the Period for Registration of All for Hire Motor Vehicles, Amending for the Purpose Sub-paragraph 1, Paragraph (B), of Section 5, Republic Act Numbered 4136, as Amended
  25. ^ Presidential Decree No. 843 (December 12, 1975), Amending Republic Act No. 4136, as Amended, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code by Increasing the Annual Registration Fee on Private Automobiles and Imposing an Ad Valorem Tax Thereon, and for Other Purposes, archived from the original on January 30, 2018, retrieved November 3, 2023
  26. ^ Presidential Decree No. 896 (February 26, 1976), Further Amending Republic Act No. 4136, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code
  27. ^ Presidential Decree No. 1057 (November 30, 1976), Amending Republic Act No. 4136, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code
  28. ^ Batas Pambansa Blg. 74 (June 11, 1980), An Act Amending Certain Sections Of Republic Act Numbered Forty-one Hundred and Thirty-six, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, archived from the original on November 1, 2023, retrieved November 1, 2023
  29. ^ Batas Pambansa Blg. 398 (May 18, 1983), An Act Amending Certain Sections of Republic Act Numbered Forty-one Hundred and Thirty-six, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, archived from the original on November 3, 2023, retrieved November 3, 2023
  30. ^ Presidential Decree No. 1934 (June 11, 1984), Amending Certain Sections of Republic Act Numbered Forty One Hundred And Thirty Six Otherwise Known As The Land Transportation and Traffic Code, archived from the original on August 14, 2018, retrieved November 3, 2023
  31. ^ Presidential Decree No. 1950 (September 5, 1984), Amending Certain Sections of Presidential Decree No. 1934, Amending Republic Act No. 4136
  32. ^ Executive Order No. 43 (August 22, 1986), Restructuring The Private Motor Vehicle Tax (PDF)
  33. ^ Republic Act No. 8794 (June 27, 2000), An Act Imposing A Motor Vehicle User's Charge On Owners Of All Types Of Motor Vehicles And For Other Purposes, archived from the original on November 1, 2023, retrieved November 1, 2023
  34. ^ Republic Act No. 10930 (July 25, 2017), An Act Rationalizing and Strengthening the Policy Regarding Driver's License by Extending the Validity Period of Drivers' Licenses, and Penalizing Acts in Violation of Its Issuance and Application Amending for Those Purposes Section 23 of Republic Act No. 4136, as Amended by Batas Pambansa Blg. 398 and Executive Order No. 1011, Otherwise Known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, archived from the original on June 1, 2023, retrieved November 1, 2023
  35. ^ DOTC Department Order No. 2010-32 (September 8, 2010), Harmonization of Motor Vehicle (MV) Classifications of LTO and LTFRB (PDF)
  36. ^ Republic Act No. 917 (June 20, 1953), Philippine Highway Act of 1953, archived from the original on September 25, 2021, retrieved January 12, 2024
  37. ^ Chao, Gilbert (November 5, 2022). "Caught in the middle: Why do moto riders split lanes and how is it illegal?". AutoFun. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  38. ^ "Legal basis of "slow-moving vehicle lanes" and "overtaking lanes" on expressways". eFOI Philippines. November 24, 2023. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  39. ^ Republic Act No. 386 (June 18, 1949), Civil Code of the Philippines  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  40. ^ G.R. No. 130003 (October 20, 2004), Añonuevo v. Court of Appeals
  41. ^ a b MMDA Memorandum Circular No. 04 (March 25, 2024), Implementing Guidelines for MMDA Regulation No. 24-002 (PDF)
  42. ^ DOTr Department Order No. 2021-006 (February 24, 2021), Supplemental Rules and Regulations Governing the Use of Limited Access Facilities (Expressways) by Motorcycles
  43. ^ Tulio, Jason (March 29, 2023). "Report: 1,391 Motorists apprehended on Commonwealth on first day of MC lane policy". Top Gear Philippines. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  44. ^ "Draft Traffic Code". SSTRIMM Final Report (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency. November 2001. p. A-7.
  45. ^ San Juan Municipal Ordinance No. 037-04 (November 30, 2004), An Ordinance Adopting the New Traffic Code of the Municipality of San Juan, Metro Manila
  46. ^ Mandaluyong City Ordinance No. 588-14 (December 5, 2014), Omnibus Traffic Management Code of the City of Mandaluyong
  47. ^ Memorandum Circular No. 2020-036 (February 17, 2020), Prohibiting Tricycles, Pedicabs, and Motorized Pedicabs from Operating on National Highways, archived from the original on July 4, 2022, retrieved November 3, 2023
  48. ^ "Truck Ban Ordinance Updated FAQ (June 8, 2022)". Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. June 21, 2022. Archived from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  49. ^ Memorandum Circular No. 16-01 (2016), Implementing Guidelines of the "Resolution Implementing the One Truck Lane Policy along Circumferential 5, Katipunan Avenue, Congressional Road, Mindanao Avenue, and Road 10 Starting February 1, 2016" under Special Traffic Committee No. 02 series of 2016 (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2022, retrieved November 3, 2023
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