Transcaucasian ratsnake

Transcaucasian ratsnake
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Genus:	Zamenis
Species:	Z. hohenackeri
Binomial name
	Zamenis hohenackeri; (Strauch, 1873)
Synonyms
	Coluber hohenackeri ; Strauch, 1873; Elaphe hohenackeri ; — Engelmann et al., 1993; Zamenis hohenackeri ; — Utiger et al., 2002;

The Transcaucasian ratsnake (Zamenis hohenackeri), also commonly known as the Gavand snake,^[3] is a species of nonvenomous ratsnake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Western Asia and the Middle East. There are three recognized subspecies.

Etymology

The specific name, hohenackeri, is in honor of Rudolph Friedrich Hohenacker, who was a Swiss missionary, physician, and naturalist.^[4]

Geographic range

Z. hohenackeri is found in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Russia, Syria, and Turkey.^[2]

Description

Z. hohenackeri may attain a total length of 65 cm (26 in), which includes a tail 11 cm (4.3 in) long. Dorsally, it is gray with four alternating series of dark brown spots. Ventrally, it is reddish or yellowish, marbled or spotted with gray. On the head, there is a diagonal black streak from the eye to the corner of the mouth, and a vertical black line below the eye.^[5]

Habitat

Z. hohenackeri is found in mountainous areas, at altitudes of 100–3,000 m (330–9,840 ft), in a variety of habitats, from dry to wet, including agricultural areas.^[1]

Behavior

Z. hohenackeri is terrestrial and diurnal.^[1]

Reproduction

Z. hohenackeri is oviparous.^[2] Clutch size is 3–7 eggs.^[1]

Subspecies

Three subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.^[2]

Zamenis hohenackeri hohenackeri (Strauch, 1873)
Zamenis hohenackeri lyciensis Hofmann, Mebert, Schulz, Helfenberger, Göçmen & Böhme, 2018
Zamenis hohenackeri tauricus (F. Werner, 1898)

Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Zamenis hohenackeri.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hraoui-Bloquet, Souad; Sadek, Riyad; Tok, Varol; Ugurtas, Ismail H.; Sevinç, Murat; Werner, Yehudah; Sterijovski, Bogoljub; Nilson, Göran; Tuniyev, Boris; Akarsu, Ferdi (2009). "Zamenis hohenackeri ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T157251A5060528. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T157251A5060528.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Species Zamenis hohenackeri at The Reptile Database
^ Latifi, Mahmoud (1991). The Snakes of Iran. Oxford, Ohio: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 156 pp. ISBN 0-916984-22-2. ("Elaphe hohenackeri, Gavand Snake", p. 110).
^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Zamenis hohenacker, p. 125).
^ Boulenger GA (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. Plates I-XX. (Coluber hohenackeri, p. 42).

Strauch A (1873). "Die Schlangen des Russischen Reichs, in systematischer und zoogeographischer Beziehung ". Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg, [Seventh Series] 21 (4): 1-288 + Plates I-VI. (Coluber hohenackeri, new species, pp. 69–73 + Plate II, figures a-b). (in German and Latin).
Utiger, Urs; Helfenberger, Notker; Schätti, Beat; Schmidt, Catherine; Ruf, Markus; Ziswiler, Vincent (2002). "Molecular systematics and phylogeny of Old World and New World ratsnakes, Elaphe Auct., and related genera (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae)". Russian Journal of Herpetology 9 (2): 105–124. (Zamenis hohenackeri, new combination).
Werner F (1898). "Über einige neue Reptilien und einen neuen Frosch aus dem cilisischen Taurus ". Zoologischer Anzeiger 21 (555): 217–223. (Coluber tauricus, new species, pp. 217–220). (in German).

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[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] Hraoui-Bloquet, Souad; Sadek, Riyad; Tok, Varol; Ugurtas, Ismail H.; Sevinç, Murat; Werner, Yehudah; Sterijovski, Bogoljub; Nilson, Göran; Tuniyev, Boris; Akarsu, Ferdi (2009). "Zamenis hohenackeri ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T157251A5060528. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T157251A5060528.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[RDB-2] Species Zamenis hohenackeri at The Reptile Database

[3] Latifi, Mahmoud (1991). The Snakes of Iran. Oxford, Ohio: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 156 pp. ISBN 0-916984-22-2. ("Elaphe hohenackeri, Gavand Snake", p. 110).

[4] Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Zamenis hohenacker, p. 125).

[5] Boulenger GA (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. Plates I-XX. (Coluber hohenackeri, p. 42).

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