Wikipedia

Christianity and transgender people

(Redirected from Transgender people and Christianity)

Within Christianity, there are a variety of views on the issues of gender identity and transgender people. Christian denominations vary in their official position: some explicitly support gender transition, some oppose it, and others are divided or have not taken an official stance. Within any given denomination, individual members may or may not endorse the official views of their church on the topic.[1]

Denominations including the Catholic Church, the Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Southern Baptist Convention have expressed official opposition to gender transition, sometimes citing Biblical references to God creating humans as "male and female." Other denominations, including the Church of England, Church of Sweden, Episcopal Church, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and Presbyterian Church (USA), have permitted ordained transgender clergy to serve in congregations.

History

edit
See also: History of Christianity and homosexuality

The history of Christianity and homosexuality has traditionally intertwined with the history of Christianity and transgender people, and has been subject to intense debate.[2] The Hebrew Bible and its traditional interpretations in Judaism and Christianity have historically affirmed and endorsed a patriarchal and heteronormative approach towards human sexuality.[3][4] They favour exclusively penetrative vaginal intercourse between men and women within the boundaries of marriage over all other forms of human sexual activity.[3][4] This includes autoeroticism, masturbation, oral sex, non-penetrative and non-heterosexual sexual intercourse (all of which have been labeled as "sodomy" by some at various times).[5] They believe and teach that such behaviors are forbidden because they're considered sinful,[3][4] and further compared to or derived from the behavior of the alleged residents of Sodom and Gomorrah.[3][6][7][8][9] However, the status of LGBT people in early Christianity is debated.[2][10][11][12][13]

Some commentators, both Catholic and those of other denominations maintain that the early Christian churches deplored transgender people and same-sex relationships.[14] However, others maintain that they accepted them on the level of their heterosexual counterparts.[15] These disagreements concern the translations of certain terms, or the meaning and context of some biblical passages, including Sodom and Gomorrah, Levitical laws, and other passages.[6]

Biblical sources

edit

Surgery and other alterations of the body

edit

With respect to transition-related surgery, and other alterations of the physical body, the Old Testament has specific rules about men's genitalia being intact: men with damaged testicles or severed genitals are forbidden from being admitted to religious assemblies.[16]

The New Testament is more ambiguous about gender-variant and otherwise altered bodies than the Old Testament. Eunuchs (Greek eunochos, similar to Hebrew saris) are indicated as acceptable candidates for evangelism and baptism, as demonstrated in a story about the conversion of an Ethiopian eunuch.[17] While answering questions about marriage and divorce, Jesus says that "there are eunuchs who have been so from birth, and there are eunuchs who have been made eunuchs by others, and there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of heaven."[18] This has sparked discussion about the significance of the selection of the Ethiopian eunuch as being the first Gentile convert to Christianity. Some argue that the inclusion of a eunuch represents a sexual minority similar to some of those who are included under today's category of transgender, in the context of the time.[19]

Gender-specific clothing

edit

The Old Testament contains prohibitions against men wearing women's clothing and vice versa, which is cited as an abomination within the context of pagan idol worship practices in Deuteronomy 22:5.[20] As a result, it was once considered taboo in Western society for women to wear clothing traditionally associated with men, except in certain circumstances such as cases of necessity (as per St. Thomas Aquinas's guidelines in the Summa Theologica).[21] In the Middle Ages, this rule's applicability was occasionally disputed.[22] The Quinisext Council in the 7th century ordered students at the University of Constantinople to stop engaging in transvestism.[23]

However, 19th century biblical scholar Adam Clarke noted that "it is very probable that armour is here intended"[24] referring to Deuteronomy 22:5.

There is debate about whether Jesus abolished the Torah law about clothing.[25] The Bible states that Jesus said, "Do not worry about clothes" in Matthew 6:25, Matthew 6:28, and Luke 12:22. Pauline Christianity teaches that the old covenant legal system was abolished altogether, so it cannot be counted a sin any longer now in the Christian faith. Traditionally Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity have no commonly known general injunctions against the practice.

Christian denominational positions

edit

Catholic Church

edit

Documents and declarations

edit

The Catechism of the Catholic Church does not have any text explicitly regarding transgender people. However, it does clearly state that gender is exclusively binary and every person should "acknowledge and accept his sexual identity." It strongly implies that birth anatomy and gender expression are equal and further emphasizes binary heterosexual marriage and family roles.[26][27]

Catholic News Service reported that in 2000, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a confidential document stating that sex reassignment surgery does not change a person's gender in the eyes of the Church. "The key point," said the reported document, "is that the transsexual surgical operation is so superficial and external that it does not change the personality. If the person was a male, he remains male. If she was female, she remains female." The document also concluded that a "sex-change" operation could be morally acceptable in certain extreme cases, but that in all cases transgender people cannot validly marry.[28]

On 28 September 2002, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith addressed a letter to the presidents of all episcopal conferences, stating that the gender of a faithful cannot be changed in the baptismal record following gender reassignment, as this does not change the condition of the person concerned under canon law. The letter orders that an annotation should be added to the record, mentioning the decision taken by civil authorities.[29]

In September 2015, the Dicastery upheld the refusal of Rafael Zornoza, Bishop of Cádiz and Ceuta, to permit an openly transgender man to be a godfather to his nephew at a baptism.[30]

In June 2019, the Congregation for Catholic Education published a document titled Male and Female He Created Them, instructing Catholic schools on topics regarding gender identity.[31] The document rejected the terms transgender and intersex, and criticized the idea that people could choose or change their gender. They labeled it as a "confused concept of freedom" and "momentary desires". It asserted male and female genitalia were designed for procreation. Transgender advocates responded that people may discover a gender different than their external appearance, as determined by "genetics, hormones, and brain chemistry". They criticized the document as not reflecting the life experiences of transgender people and worried it would encourage discrimination and self-harm.[32]

On 31 October 2023, a document from the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, responding to questions from José Negri, Bishop of Santo Amaro, said that transgender people could be baptised, be godparents at a baptism, and be witnesses at weddings, so long as such situations would not cause scandal.[33][34]

Statements by popes

edit
Further information: Pope Francis and LGBT topics

Pope Benedict XVI denounced concepts of gender transition, warning that these ideas blur the distinction between male and female and could thus lead to the "self-destruction" of the human species.[35] Benedict also warned against alteration of the term "gender": "What is often expressed and understood by the term 'gender,' is definitively resolved in the self-emancipation of the human being from creation and the Creator," he warned. "Man wants to create himself, and to decide always and exclusively on his own about what concerns him." He said that this is humanity living "against truth, against the creating Spirit."[36]

In December 2012, during his Christmas address to the Roman Curia, Pope Benedict XVI described the view that one can choose their gender identity, as a "profound falsehood."[37]

While repeatedly denouncing gender theory and gender-affirming surgery,[38][39] in several public statements, Pope Francis, head of the Catholic Church since 2013, has emphasised the need to accompany transgender people.[40][41] On 24 January 2015, he met a Spanish civil servant who stopped attending Mass after his sex change led his parish priest and others to reject him.[42] During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Vatican forged close relations with a group of trans women in Torvaianica, many of whom were from Latin America and working as prostitutes.[43] In August 2020, Francis sent his prayers to Mónica Astorga Cremona, an Argentine Carmelite nun, and the transgender women for which she opened a building complex in Neuquén.[44] Writing in the Toronto Star, columnist Michael Coren described Francis' support as "monumental" and "far more significant than it may seem because the Roman Catholic Church has often been loud and active in opposing the very notion of the trans reality".[45]

In Pope Francis: This Economy Kills (2015), a book edited by Andrea Tornielli and Giacomo Galeazzi [it] reporting extensive interviews with Francis,[46] Francis compared "genetic manipulation" and gender theory to nuclear weapons, calling them "a new sin, that against God the Creator" that "does not recognise the order of creation", whose design "is written in nature".[38] At a meeting of young people in Naples on 21 March 2015, Francis called gender theory "the mistake of the human mind ... creating so much confusion".[47] At a general audience the following month, he said:[48]

I ask myself, if the so-called gender theory is not, at the same time, an expression of frustration and resignation, which seeks to cancel out sexual difference because it no longer knows how to confront it. Yes, we risk taking a step backwards. The removal of difference in fact creates a problem, not a solution. In order to resolve the problems in their relationships, men and women need to speak to one another more, listen to each other more, get to know one another better, love one another more.

— Pope Francis, General audience, 15 April 2015

In an address to Polish bishops in Kraków Cathedral on 27 July 2016, later published by the Vatican, Francis denounced the "ideological colonisation" of children being taught about gender-affirming surgery.[49] During his 2016 pastoral visit to Georgia and Azerbaijan, Francis told a conference of priests and nuns that teaching gender theory in schools was part of a "global war" against marriage.[50] In the press conference aboard the papal flight home on 2 October 2016, he called gender theory "against the realities of nature", warning that schools teaching gender theory "to change people's way of thinking [is] 'ideological colonisation'".[40][50]

At an audience with the Pontifical Academy for Life on 5 October 2017, Francis condemned "the biological and psychical manipulation of sexual difference, which biomedical technology allows us to perceive as completely available to free choice – which it is not!"[39] Francis' comments were criticised by Catholic LGBT organisations, including New Ways Ministry and DignityUSA.[51]

Statements by bishops

edit

In January 2020, Bishop Paprocki of the Diocese of Springfield released a pastoral guide regarding gender identity. Paprocki's guide stated that "a person cannot change his or her gender" and that sex-reassignment surgery is "a type of mutilation and intrinsically evil." He also refers to transgender surgeries for children as "child abuse and genital mutilation" and emphasized that "it is imperative to be clear on the reality of human biology as a gift from God that we cannot change."[52][53][54]

In August 2021, Bishop Burbidge of the Diocese of Arlington released a pastoral letter titled A Catechesis on the Human Person and Gender Ideology. Burbidge's letter calls upon Catholics to show love to transgender people, reminding them of their value and listening to their struggle, while also avoiding showing any "misguided charity and false compassion." He urges Catholics to reject the use of "gender-affirming' terms or pronouns", as it would "be inconsistent" with Church teachings on sex.[55][56]

In May 2024, Brother Christian Matson of the Diocese of Lexington in Kentucky publicly came out as trans. He believes he is the first openly transgender diocesan hermit in the Catholic Church. The Bishop of Lexington, John Stowe, knew Matson was transgender when he hired him and approved his coming out. He said that his willingness to support Matson comes from the nature of Matson's vocation, as hermits can be male or female and their role is "relatively quiet and secluded," not including priesthood or "sacramental ministry."[57]

Independent Catholicism

edit

Old Catholic Church

edit

The Old Catholic Church has been affirming and welcoming to transgender members. Old Catholic and Independent Catholic churches have been accepting of the LGBT community in general.[58] In 2014, one of the first transgender priests was ordained in the Old Catholic Church.[59]

Philippine Independent Church

edit

Officially known as the Iglesia Filipina Independiente and colloquially called the Aglipayan Church, an Independent Catholic denomination with Anglo-Catholic[60] orientation, the church has adopted an official and binding position of inclusion and full acceptance of LGBT individuals and organizations since 2017 after the question of inclusiveness was raised in an official leadership meeting by a gay member of the church in 2014. Its youth organization wing has also repeatedly elected presidents, vice presidents, and executives who belong to the Filipino LGBT youth sector.[61] On February 24, 2023, the church ordained Wylard "Wowa" Ledama, a trans woman, to the diaconate as the church's first trans clergy in the predominantly conservative country.[62]

Protestantism

edit

Adventism

edit

In 2017, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the largest church within Adventism, issued a statement entitled, "Statement on Transgenderism", that said "our gender identity, as designed by God, is determined by our biological sex at birth" and that "the desire to change or live as a person of another gender may result in biblically inappropriate lifestyle choices."[63]

Anglican Communion

edit

In 2000, the Church of England, an Anglican church, permitted transgender priests to continue serving as pastors.[64] In 2005 Sarah Jones became the first openly transgender person ordained by the Church of England as a priest.[65][66][67] Carol Stone was the first transgender priest, having been ordained in 1978 and transitioning in 2000, then continuing her ministry within the church as a woman.[68]

In 2009, a spokesperson for the Church in Wales, an Anglican church, announced that the church affirms transgender people.[69] Transgender people have also gained acceptance in some churches in Africa and Asia. In 2012, the Church of South India opened up the possibility of ordaining transgender priests.[70] In Africa, the Anglican Church of Southern Africa affirmed that transgender people could be "full members".[71]

In 2014, the Anglican church appointed an openly transgender, and lesbian, vicar as a minor canon in Manchester Cathedral.[72] In 2015, the Church of England introduced a proposal to offer naming ceremonies for transgender members.[73] The Diocese of Blackburn in the Church of England has already been using the naming rite.[74] The Secretary General of the Archbishop's Council of the Church of England William "Nye said the Church already had services for people who had been through a 'significant personal transition of one kind or another' which could be used to mark gender change."[75] Couples, where one partner is transgender and recognized as having legally transitioned, may marry in Church of England parishes. "Thus clergy in the Church of England...will not be able to prohibit the use of their church buildings for such marriages."[76] In 2017, the General Synod of the Church of England passed a motion stating, "That this Synod, recognizing the need for transgender people to be welcomed and affirmed in their parish church, call on the House of Bishops to consider whether some nationally commended liturgical materials might be prepared to mark a person's gender transition."[77][78] The Episcopal Church in the United States welcomes transgender members and ordain transgender people in ministry.[79]

Baptists

edit

The Southern Baptist Convention has also frequently voiced opposition to the idea of gender transition, and to gender-related alteration of one's body, including surgery and use of hormone therapy. In 2014, the Southern Baptist Convention approved a resolution at its annual meeting stating that "God's design was the creation of two distinct and complementary sexes, male and female" and that "gender identity is determined by biological sex, not by one's self-perception."[80] Furthermore, the resolution opposes hormone therapy, transition-related procedures, and anything else that would "alter one's bodily identity". The resolution further opposes government efforts to "validate transgender identity as morally praiseworthy".[80] Instead, the resolution asks transgender people to "trust in Christ and to experience renewal in the Gospel".[80]

In 2014, the Calvary Baptist Church in Washington D.C. ordained the first known and openly transgender minister within a Baptist church.[81] Calvary Baptist is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA, Cooperative Baptist Fellowship, and Alliance of Baptists.[82]

In 2017, the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood, an evangelical Christian organization that promotes a complementarian view of gender roles and rejects LGBTQ identities,[83][84][85] released a manifesto on gender and sexuality known as the Nashville Statement. The statement includes fourteen points of belief and was signed by 150 evangelical leaders.[86] The statement was controversial, with some evangelicals and other Christian organizations, as well as LGBTQ rights groups, voicing opposition.[86][87][88]

Calvinist/Reformed

edit
Congregationalism
edit

The United Church of Christ General Synod called for full inclusion of transgender persons in 2003.[89]

Eastern Protestant

edit

The Mar Thoma Syrian Church is a Reformed Orthodox denomination in India which is a full communion partner of the Anglican Communion. The Mar Thoma Church has affirmed societal support for the inclusion and acceptance of third gender persons.[90] In 2019, the church announced that it supports transgender people and that it believes the Bible makes several references to transgender people.[91] The church also started a program to provide financial assistance to transgender persons in need of sex reassignment surgery.[92]

Lutheran

edit

In 2006, the Church of Sweden, the national Lutheran church in Full Communion with the Church of England through the Porvoo Communion, voted to ordain transgender priests.[93][94] The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America allows transgender members and transgender clergy.[79]

Methodism

edit

In 2008, the United Methodist Church Judicial Council ruled that transgender pastor Drew Phoenix could keep his position.[95] At the UMC General Conference the same year, several petitions that would have forbidden transgender clergy and added anti-transgender language to the Book of Discipline were rejected.[96] In 2017, M Barclay became the first openly non-binary trans person to be commissioned as a Deacon in the United Methodist Church.[97] Other mainline Protestant denominations that welcome transgender members and ordain transgender people in ministry are the Episcopal Church, United Church of Christ, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and the Presbyterian Church (USA).[79]

Unitarianism

edit

The Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA), a mainline and historically Christian Non-Trinitarian denomination,[98] has been supportive of transgender people. Although they are no longer exclusively Christian, they officially welcome transgender members and ministers.[99] In 2017, the Unitarian Universalist Association's General Assembly voted to create inclusive wordings for non-binary, genderqueer, gender fluid, agender, intersex, two-spirit, and polygender people. The church has replaced the words "men and women" with the word "people". Of the six sources of the living tradition, the second source of faith, as documented in the bylaws of the denomination, now includes "Words and deeds of prophetic people which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion, and the transforming power of love".[100]

Jehovah's Witnesses

edit

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that transgender people should live as the gender they were assigned at birth and view gender-affirming surgery as mutilation.[101]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

edit

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints does not hold an official position on the cause of people having transgender feelings, but holds that the meaning of gender is "biological sex at birth", and members are to focus on "acknowledging their feelings and experiences", meeting them "with Christlike love and understanding". It also imposes "some membership restrictions" on those who choose to "medically, surgically, or socially transition" while "other church participation" is welcomed.[102][103][104]

Denominations that allow transgender clergy

edit
Main article: LGBT clergy in Christianity
Further information: LGBT-affirming Christian denominations

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Smith, Gregory A. "Views of transgender issues divide along religious lines". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  2. ^ a b Frontain, Raymond-Jean (2003). "Introduction". In Frontain, Raymond-Jean (ed.). Reclaiming the Sacred: The Bible in Gay and Lesbian Culture (2nd ed.). New York and London: Harrington Park Press. pp. 1–24. ISBN 9781560233558. LCCN 2002068889.
  3. ^ a b c d Mbuwayesango, Dora R. (2016) [2015]. "Part III: The Bible and Bodies – Sex and Sexuality in Biblical Narrative". In Fewell, Danna N. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Narrative. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 456–465. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.39. ISBN 9780199967728. LCCN 2015033360. S2CID 146505567.
  4. ^ a b c Leeming, David A. (June 2003). Carey, Lindsay B. (ed.). "Religion and Sexuality: The Perversion of a Natural Marriage". Journal of Religion and Health. 42 (2). Springer Verlag: 101–109. doi:10.1023/A:1023621612061. ISSN 1573-6571. JSTOR 27511667. S2CID 38974409.
  5. ^ Sauer, Michelle M. (2015). "The Unexpected Actuality: "Deviance" and Transgression". Gender in Medieval Culture. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 74–78. doi:10.5040/9781474210683.ch-003. ISBN 978-1-4411-2160-8.
  6. ^ a b Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality". Biblical Theology Bulletin. 45 (2). SAGE Publications on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc.: 68–87. doi:10.1177/0146107915577097. ISSN 1945-7596. S2CID 170127256.
  7. ^ Gilbert, Kathleen (September 29, 2008). "Bishop Soto tells NACDLGM: 'Homosexuality is Sinful'". Catholic Online. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008.
  8. ^ Robinson, Gene; Krehely, Jeff; Steenland, Sally (December 8, 2010). "What are Religious Texts Really Saying about Gay and Transgender Rights?". Center for American Progress. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  9. ^ Modisane, Cameron (November 15, 2014). "The Story of Sodom and Gomorrah was NOT About Homosexuality". News24. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  10. ^ Doerfler, Maria E. (2016) [2014]. "Coming Apart at the Seams: Cross-dressing, Masculinity, and the Social Body in Late Antiquity". In Upson-Saia, Kristi; Daniel-Hughes, Carly; Batten, Alicia J. (eds.). Dressing Judeans and Christians in Antiquity (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 37–51. doi:10.4324/9781315578125-9. ISBN 9780367879334. LCCN 2014000554. OCLC 921583924. S2CID 165559811.
  11. ^ Hunter, David G. (2015). "Celibacy Was "Queer": Rethinking Early Christianity". In Talvacchia, Kathleen T.; Pettinger, Michael F.; Larrimore, Mark (eds.). Queer Christianities: Lived Religion in Transgressive Forms. New York and London: NYU Press. pp. 13–24. ISBN 9781479851812. JSTOR j.ctt13x0q0q.6. LCCN 2014025201. S2CID 152944605.
  12. ^ Frost, Natasha (2018-03-02). "A Modern Controversy Over Ancient Homosexuality". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2021-04-24.
  13. ^ McClain, Lisa (10 April 2019). "A thousand years ago, the Catholic Church paid little attention to homosexuality". The Conversation. Retrieved 2021-04-24.
  14. ^ "What the Early Church Believed: Homosexuality". Catholic Answers. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  15. ^ "What Does the Bible Say About Homosexuality?". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  16. ^ Deuteronomy 23:1
  17. ^ Acts 8:27–39
  18. ^ Matthew 19:12
  19. ^ Rogers, Jack (2009-04-14). Jesus, the Bible, and Homosexuality, Revised and Expanded Edition. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9781611640502. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  20. ^ Deuteronomy 22:5
  21. ^ Aquinas, Thomas. "Summa Theologiae Part II". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  22. ^ Merkle, Gertrude H. "Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc", Martin Le Franc's Commentary on Jean Gerson's Treatise on Joan of Arc, p182
  23. ^ Andrew Ekonomou. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. Lexington Books, 2007
  24. ^ "Deuteronomy 22 - Clarke's Commentary - Bible Commentaries". StudyLight.org. Retrieved 2022-04-02.
  25. ^ Ph. D. G. G. Bolich,Crossdressing in Context, Vol. 4 Transgender & Religion, 56p
  26. ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  27. ^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Roman Catholic Church". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  28. ^ Norton, John (14 Jan 2003). "Vatican says 'sex-change' operation does not change person's gender". Catholic News Service. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  29. ^ Prot. N. 442/54-15710.
  30. ^ "Vatican upholds bishop's refusal to allow transsexual to be godparent". National Catholic Reporter. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  31. ^ Donnini, Debora (10 June 2019). "Vatican document on gender: Yes to dialogue, no to ideology". Vatican News. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  32. ^ Winfield, Nicole (10 June 2019). "Vatican rejects gender change to alarm of LGBT Catholics". Boston Globe.
  33. ^ Fernández, Víctor Manuel; Francis (31 October 2023). "Answers to Several Questions from His Excellency, the Most Reverend José Negri, Bishop of Santo Amaro, Brazil, Regarding Participation in the Sacraments of Baptism and Matrimony by Transgender Persons and Homosexual Persons". Holy See. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  34. ^ "Transgender people can be baptised and be godparents, Vatican says". BBC News. 9 November 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  35. ^ "The Advertiser".
  36. ^ "Pontiff Calls for "Ecology of Man"". ZENIT - The World Seen From Rome. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  37. ^ Pope Benedict XVI (21 December 2012). "Address of His Holiness Benedict XVI on the Occasion of Christmas Greetings to the Roman Curia". Vatican.va.
  38. ^ a b St. John, Stevie (20 February 2015). "Pope Francis: Gender Theory Doesn't 'Recognize Order of Creation'". The Advocate. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  39. ^ a b "Audience with participants in the 23rd General Assembly of the Members of the Pontifical Academy for Life". Holy See Press Office. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  40. ^ a b "In-flight press conference of His Holiness Pope Francis from Azerbaijan to Rome". Holy See. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  41. ^ Bordoni, Linda (9 May 2022). "Pope to LGBT Catholics: 'God is Father who does not disown any of his children'". Vatican News. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  42. ^ Goodman, Al (30 January 2015). "Transgender man: I met with Pope Francis". CNN. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  43. ^ Winfield, Nicole; Thomas, Trisha (19 November 2023). "For this group of trans women, the pope and his message of inclusivity are a welcome change". Associated Press. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  44. ^ Allen, Elise Ann (18 August 2020). "Pope tells nun helping transgender women, 'God will repay you'". Crux. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  45. ^ Coren, Michael (23 August 2020). "Pope Francis's monumental support of trans community". Toronto Star. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  46. ^ Tornielli, Andrea (2018). "This economy kills: Pope Francis on capitalism and social justice". International Studies in Catholic Education. 10 (2): 233–238. doi:10.1080/19422539.2018.1492265. ISSN 1942-2539. S2CID 158681182.
  47. ^ Francis (21 March 2015). "Pastoral Visit: Meeting with young people on the Caracciolo Seafront (Naples, 21 March 2015)". Holy See. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  48. ^ Francis (15 April 2015). "General Audience of 15 April 2015". Holy See. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  49. ^ Pope Francis (27 July 2016). "Apostolic Journey to Poland: Meeting with the Polish Bishops in the Cathedral of Kraków". Holy See. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  50. ^ a b Pullella, Philip (3 October 2016). "Pope says respect gays and transsexuals, questions gender theory". Reuters. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  51. ^ Ring, Trudy (5 October 2017). "Pope Blasts Gender-Confirmation Surgery". The Advocate. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  52. ^ Paprocki, Thomas (13 January 2020). Pastoral Guide Regarding Policy §650 Gender Identity. Diocese of Springfield in Illinois. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021.
  53. ^ CNA Daily News (10 February 2020). "Bishop Paprocki provides pastoral guide on gender identity". Catholic World Report. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  54. ^ Catholic News Agency (10 February 2020). "Bishop Paprocki provides pastoral guide on gender identity". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  55. ^ Jones, Kevin J. (19 August 2021). "Christian response to transgender conflicts needs charity and clarity, Arlington diocese says". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  56. ^ Burbidge, Michael F. (12 August 2021). "A Catechesis on the Human Person and Gender Ideology". Catholic Diocese of Arlington. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  57. ^ Jenkins, Jack (May 19, 2024). "Catholic diocesan hermit approved by Kentucky bishop comes out as transgender". Religion News Service. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  58. ^ "An Alternative Way to Be Catholic - and LGBT". 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  59. ^ a b "Living authentically as a transgender priest in the Christian Church". Religion News Service. 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  60. ^ "'Women are called': Photo of female church leaders breaks religious stereotypes". Yahoo! News Philippines. Coconuts Manila. December 20, 2022. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  61. ^ "Iglesia Filipina Independiente asks forgiveness from LGBT community, extends hand with pro-equality statement - Outrage Magazine". Outragemag.com. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  62. ^ Dagle, Robbin M. (February 24, 2023). "Historic, revolutionary: Iglesia Filipina Independiente ordains first trans woman clergy in PH". Rappler. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  63. ^ "Statement on Transgenderism". Seventh-day Adventist Church. April 12, 2017.
  64. ^ "Sex-change vicar back in pulpit". BBC. 2000-12-03. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  65. ^ Wenjuan, Angelina (28 February 2011). "Church of England's first transsexual priest: God cares about me". JUS News. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  66. ^ "TREC Speaker - Rev Sarah Jones". Trans Resource and Empowerment Centre Limited. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  67. ^ "Bishop defends transsexual curate". BBC News. 24 September 2005. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  68. ^ "First serving sex-change vicar Carol Stone dies". BBC News. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  69. ^ Williamson, David (2009-04-23). "Funding sex change therapy in Wales is a life-saver, says transgender journalist". Retrieved 2016-09-16.
  70. ^ "CSI to ordain transgender a priest". The Hindu. 2012-02-06. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
  71. ^ "Watch: Anglican Church of Southern Africa to recognise same-sex couples as full members". Jacaranda FM. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  72. ^ "Transgender priest Rachel Mann made minor canon at Manchester Cathedral: 'God did not reject me,' she says | Christian News on Christian Today". www.christiantoday.com. 7 June 2014. Retrieved 2016-04-30.
  73. ^ McVeigh, Karen (2015-05-21). "Church of England to consider transgender naming ceremony". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  74. ^ "Diocese of Blackburn seeks new liturgy for trans service". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
  75. ^ "Church of England considering transgender re-naming services | Christian News on Christian Today". www.christiantoday.com. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
  76. ^ "THE Gender Recognition ACT 2004 AND THE CHURCH – What the Law says: A Note from the Church of England's Mission and Public Affairs and Legal Divisions". Church of England's Mission and Public Affairs and Legal Divisions: 1–5. April 2015.
  77. ^ "Welcoming Transgender People". Churchofengland.org. 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
  78. ^ "Church of England votes to explore transgender services - BBC News". BBC News. Bbc.com. 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
  79. ^ a b c "Religious groups' policies on transgender members vary widely". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  80. ^ a b c "Southern Baptist Convention Approves Anti-Transgender Resolution". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on June 15, 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  81. ^ "Baptist church ordains transgender woman". Baptist News Global. 2014-07-10. Archived from the original on 2016-05-12. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  82. ^ "Our Affiliations". Calvary Baptist Church. 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  83. ^ Rosemary Skinner Keller, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon (2006), Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America, Indiana University Press, p. 468 Archived 16 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  84. ^ Pamela Cochran (2005), Evangelical Feminism: a History, NYU Press, p. 160 Archived 16 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  85. ^ Agnieszka Tennant, "Nuptial Agreements Archived 14 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine," Christianity Today, March 11, 2002.
  86. ^ a b Meyer, Holly (August 29, 2017). "More than 150 evangelical religious leaders sign 'Christian manifesto' on human sexuality". USA Today. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  87. ^ "Why I Won't Sign the Nashville Statement - Mere Orthodoxy". 30 August 2017. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  88. ^ Blumberg, Antonia (30 August 2017). "Hundreds Of Christian Leaders Denounce Anti-LGBTQ 'Nashville Statement'". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  89. ^ "ONA: It's About Transgender Inclusion, Too!". Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  90. ^ "Third Gender and Communal Harmony – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church". Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  91. ^ ""Time has come to respect and honor the Transgender Community" – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church". Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  92. ^ Tom, Disney (February 10, 2017). "Marthoma church to help transgenders". The Times of India. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
  93. ^ a b c "Christian Attitudes to Transgender People Are Changing". The Huffington Post. 2015-12-04. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  94. ^ Bartolone, Pauline (30 October 2007). "Methodists Vote to Keep Transgender Pastor". NPR.org. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  95. ^ Bartolone, Pauline (30 October 2007). "Methodists Vote to Keep Transgender Pastor". NPR.
  96. ^ "The United Methodist Church - Transgender Christians". transchristians.org. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  97. ^ Zauzmer, Julie. "The United Methodist Church has appointed a transgender deacon". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  98. ^ "Christian Unitarian Universalists | UUA.org". UUA.org. 2014-11-25. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  99. ^ "Congregations welcome transgender people". UU World Magazine. 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2016-04-25.
  100. ^ Zr. Alex Kapitan Activist, Organizer & Educator (2017-06-30). "Unitarian Universalist General Assembly Votes To Change UU Bylaws To Include Non-Binary People". Believe Out Loud. Archived from the original on 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2017-07-08.
  101. ^ Sharzer, Leonard; Jones, David; Alipour, Mehrdad; Pacha, Kesley (2020). Gender Confirmation Surgery: Principles and Techniques for an Emerging Field. pp. 237–257. ISBN 978-3-030-29093-1.
  102. ^ "General Handbook 38.6.21". Retrieved 2024-08-08.
  103. ^ "Transgender: Understanding Yourself". Retrieved 2024-08-08.
  104. ^ "Transgender: Supporting Others". Retrieved 2024-08-08.
  105. ^ "Transgender Baptist minister depends on 'theology of survival'". 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  106. ^ a b "Baptist church ordains transgender woman". 2014-07-10. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  107. ^ "Here is Australia's first transgender priest". PinkNews. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
  108. ^ "Meet Australia's first transgender priest". ABC News. 2018-02-23. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
  109. ^ Mpho Tutu. "Southern Africa: LGBTI Proposal for Anglicans 'Rattling the Hinges' - Mpho Tutu". Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  110. ^ "Welcoming Disciples | The Christian Century". Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  111. ^ Wightwick, Abbie (2018-11-28). "Church in Wales' newest vicar on the church and being transgender". walesonline. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
  112. ^ "Denmark: First transgender couple married in the Danish National Church". 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  113. ^ "Sex-change vicar back in pulpit". BBC. 2000-12-03. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  114. ^ "Transforming views of gender change". 2011-02-22. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  115. ^ "CSI to ordain transgender a priest". The Hindu. 2012-02-06. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
  116. ^ Dormor, Duncan J. (2015-12-04). "Christian Attitudes to Transgender People Are Changing". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  117. ^ Hafiz, Yasmine (2014-06-06). "Washington National Cathedral Welcomes First Trans Priest To Preach". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  118. ^ "Meet the First Trans Pastor Officially Ordained by the Evangelical Lutheran Church". The Advocate. 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  119. ^ Wittl, Wolfgang. "Transsexualität: Unser Pfarrer heißt jetzt Dorothea". sueddeutsche.de (in German). ISSN 0174-4917. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  120. ^ "Missä hän on nyt: Onnellinen virkanainen". 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  121. ^ Special Correspondent (2017-02-09). "Church not against priesthood for transgenders". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-04-19.
  122. ^ "Britain's Methodist Church to consider same-sex marriage". Christian News on Christian Today. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  123. ^ "Gay Lesbian and Methodist GLAM Susan Thompson New Zealand". www.methodist.org.nz. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  124. ^ Hodges, Sam. "Transgender pastor can keep serving". Archived from the original on 2016-05-08. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  125. ^ "Transgender person commissioned as deacon". The United Methodist Church. Archived from the original on 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
  126. ^ "Polygamy and gay marriage welcome: Church makes U-turn". www.timeslive.co.za. Retrieved 2018-12-06.

Further reading

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_and_transgender_people&oldid=1247160847"