A transition metal thiosulfate complex is a coordination complex containing one or more thiosulfate ligands. Thiosulfate occurs in nature and is used industrially, so its interactions with metal ions are of some practical interest.[1]
Examples
edit
Thiosulfate is a potent ligand for soft metal ions. A typical complex is [Pd(S2O3)2(ethylenediamine)]2−, which features a pair of S-bonded thiosulfate ligands. Simple aquo and ammine complexes are also known.[2] Three binding modes are common: monodentate (κ1-), O,S-bidentate (κ2-),and bridging (μ-).
Linkage isomerism (O vs S) has been observed in [Co(NH3)5(S2O3)]+.[3]
Preparation
editTypically, thiosulfate complexes are prepared from thiosulfate salts by displacement of aquo or chloro ligands.[2] In some cases, they arise by oxidation of polysulfido complexes, or by binding of sulfur trioxide to sulfido ligands.[4][5]
Applications
editPhotography
editSilver-thiosulfate complexes are produced by common photographic fixers. By dissolving silver halides, the fixer stabilises the image. The dissolution process entails reactions involving the formation of 1:2 and 1:3 complexes (X = halide):[6] Fixation involves these chemical reactions (X = halide, typically Br−):[7]
- AgX + 2 S2O2−3 → [Ag(S2O3)2]3− + X−
- AgX + 3 S2O2−3 → [Ag(S2O3)3]5− + X−
Recovery of precious metals
editSodium thiosulfate and ammonium thiosulfate have been proposed as alternative lixiviants to cyanide for extraction of gold from ores[8] and printed circuit boards.[9] The complex [Au(S2O3)2]3- is assumed to be the principal product in such extractions. Presently cyanide salts are used on a large scale for that purpose with obvious risks.[8] The advantages of this approach are that (i) thiosulfate is far less toxic than cyanide and (ii) that ore types that are refractory to gold cyanidation (e.g. carbonaceous or Carlin-type ores) can be leached by thiosulfate. One problem with this alternative process is the high consumption of thiosulfate, which is more expensive than cyanide. Another issue is the lack of a suitable recovery technique since [Au(S2O3)2]3− does not adsorb to activated carbon, which is the standard technique used in gold cyanidation to separate the gold complex from the ore slurry.[8]
Naming
editIn the IUPAC Red Book the following terms may be used for thiosulfate as a ligand: trioxido-1κ3O-disulfato(S—S)(2−); trioxidosulfidosulfato(2−); thiosulfato; sulfurothioato. In the naming for thiosulfate salts, the final "o" is replaced by "e".[10] Thus, sodium aurothiosulfate could be called trisodium di(thiosulfato)aurate(I).
References
edit- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 715. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ a b Carter, Alan; Drew, Michael G.B (1999). "Synthesis and Structure of Some Cobalt(II), Cobalt(III) and One Nickel(II) Monomeric, Monodentate(S) Thiosulfato Complexes. Trans and cis Structural Effects in the Cobalt(III) Complexes". Polyhedron. 18 (10): 1445–1453. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(99)00004-2.
- ^ Jackson, W.G.; Fairlie, D.P.; Randall, M.L. (1983). "Oxygen- and Sulfur-Bonded Thiosulfatopentaamminecobalt(III)". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 70: 197–205. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)82802-9.
- ^ Kubas, G. J.; Ryan, R. R. (1984). "Reduction of Sulfur Dioxide by Cp2MH2 (M = Mo, W) to Cp2M(S2O3) and water. Molecular Structure and Reaction with Acids of an Organometallic Molybdenum-Thiosulfate Complex". Inorganic Chemistry. 23 (20): 3181–3183. doi:10.1021/ic00188a030.
- ^ Rakova, O. A.; Sanina, N. A.; Shilov, G. V.; Strelets, V. V.; Borzova, I. B.; Kulikov, A. V.; Aldoshin, S. M. (2001). "[Bu4N]2[Fe2(μ-S2O3)2(NO)4]: Synthesis, Structure, Redox Properties, and EPR Study". Russian Journal of Coordination Chemistry. 27 (9): 657–663. doi:10.1023/A:1017905723120.
- ^ Sowerby, A.L.M., ed. (1961). Dictionary of Photography: A Reference Book for Amateur and Professional Photographers. London: Illife Books Ltd. pp. 324–326.
- ^ Karlheinz Keller et al. "Photography" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_001
- ^ a b c Aylmore MG, Muir DM (2001). "Thiosulfate Leaching of Gold - a Review". Minerals Engineering. 14 (2): 135–174. doi:10.1016/s0892-6875(00)00172-2.
- ^ Jeon, Sanghee; Tabelin, Carlito Baltazar; Park, Ilhwan; Nagata, Yoshito; Ito, Mayumi; Hiroyoshi, Naoki (2020). "Ammonium Thiosulfate Extraction of Gold from Printed Circuit Boards (PCBS) of End-of-Life Mobile Phones and its Recovery from Pregnant Leach Solution by Cementation". Hydrometallurgy. 191. Bibcode:2020HydMe.19105214J. doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105214. hdl:2115/83731.
- ^ IUPAC Red Book p 329