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Transposition is the periodic swapping of positions of the conductors of a transmission line, in order to reduce crosstalk and otherwise improve transmission. In telecommunications this applies to balanced pairs whilst in power transmission lines three conductors are periodically transposed.
For cables, the swapping is gradual and continuous; that is the two or three conductors are twisted around each other. For communication cables, this is called twisted pair. For overhead power lines or open pair communication lines, the conductors are exchanged at pylons, for example at transposition towers or at utility poles, respectively.
The mutual influence of electrical conductors is reduced by transposition. Transposition also equalizes their impedance relative to the ground, thus avoiding one-sided loads in three-phase electric power systems. Transposing is an effective measure for the reduction of inductively linked normal mode interferences.
Power lines
editConductors are transposed in overhead power lines to reduce transmission losses. Unlike in cables, continuous transposition is impractical, so it is done at a specialized transposition tower. A transposing structure may be a standard structure with special cross arms or maybe a dead-end structure. The transposing is necessary as there is capacitance between conductors, as well as between conductors and ground. This is typically not symmetrical across phases. By transposing, the overall capacitance for the whole line is approximately balanced. Transposing also reduce effects to communication circuits.[1]
A transposing scheme is a pattern by which the conductors of overhead power lines are transposed at transposing structures. To ensure balanced capacitance of a three-phase line, each of the three conductors must hang once at each position of the overhead line. For longer powerlines without branches, wires are transposed according to a fixed transposing scheme, at regular intervals. At closely branched grids and where several electric circuits share a route (in particular when the lines operate at different voltages) on the same pylons the outside unbalance of the line, which is caused by the other electric circuits, dominates. In these cases, one finds large deviations from the transposing schemes. For example, in some such transpositions, only two of the three conductors on the pylons change their place. Also, transpositions on pylons near power substations are used to get an optimal arrangement of the feeding system without crossing of conductors.
As the mutual influence of electric circuits can change after new lines are installed or old lines dismantled, certain transpositions may disappear or be added after new construction in electricity mains. In the case of a twisted line the individual conductors of an electric circuit swap places, either in their whole course (at cables) or at certain points (at overhead lines). The mutual influence of electrical conductors is reduced by transposing. The unbalance of the line, which can lead to one-sided loads in three-phase systems, is also reduced. Transposing of overhead lines is usually realized at so-called transposing pylons. Transposing is an effective measure for the reduction of inductively linked normal mode interferences.
Modern power lines are normally not transposed on the go as the difference in the inductance of the phases are negligibly small due to asymmetrical spacing, However, intermediate switching stations, where the transposition takes place, are implemented whenever it is necessary. It cannot be neglected. [2]
Telecommunication
edit
In communication cables, the transposition is used to reduce coupling between circuits in the same cable. The principal measure is the pitch or lay length,[3] the distance over which the pairs of a circuit are twisted. By twisting, the wires become longer than the cable. The stranding factor indicates the relationship of single wire length to cable length; it amounts to with communication cables about 1.02 to 1.04.
In open wire lines used for long-distance (trunk or toll) telephone circuits, transposition was used for reducing cross-talk. Originally used to transmit a single telephone call per pair, two pairs were commonly used to carry three calls with a phantom circuit configuration. With the invention of carrier systems, one pair of over-wire could carry 24 analogue toll circuits using two 12-circuit carrier systems.
Overhead trunk lines were rare in Europe and the German term for transposition “Drehkreuzachse” remained a mystery at the Bletchley Park codebreaking centre until late in World War II: General Fellgiebel of the Army Signals Service and Heinz Guderian developed a landline system for newly occupied territories to carry multiple telephone and telegraph or teleprinter channels. Overhead lines were common in larger and less densely populated countries like Australia, New Zealand, and the western United States.[4]
Types of stranding
editIn practice, the following types of stranding are used most frequently:
- Pair stranding: Two single wires are stranded to twisted pair transmission line.
- Three-stranding: Three single wires are stranded to a tripartite group.
- Four-stranding: Two tightly twisted pairs may be loosely twisted together, or:
- Star quad twisting: Four single wires maintain the same relation to each other in the quad, whereby the members of a twisted pair face each other diagonally.
Transmission technique
editDifferent strandings have different transmission characteristics. Capacitance of a stranding is one of the differences. For example, in star quad twisting the two conductors of a quadruple run parallel over the entire cable length. Capacitance between the conductors is thus substantially higher than with Dieselhorst Martin (DHM) stranding[5] in which the situation of the conductors to each other in the cable changes repeatedly. Because of the smaller work capacitance of the DHM stranding, it is possible to form additional electric circuits with the help of a phantom circuit. Since the phantom transducers are turned on to in the middle of the master transducers, the currents of the phantom circuit on the two coming Rome circles[clarification needed] compensate themselves.
References
edit- ^ Central Station Engineers, Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 4th Ed. 1950 pages 748, 778
- ^ Wadhwa, C.L (2017). Electrical power systems (7th multi-colour ed.). London: New Age International. pp. 25–26. ISBN 9789386070197. OCLC 1045630474.
- ^ Lay Length cablecad.com
- ^ *Gannon, Paul (2006). Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret. London: Atlantic Books. pp. 49–51. ISBN 1-84354-330-3.
- ^ Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003-07-31). The Worldwide History of Telecommunications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-20505-0.