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The treujenn-gaol (Breton: cabbage stalk) is the Breton term for the clarinet as used in Breton music. The term "treujenn gaol" was originally a pejorative term invented by bombard players who found the newer instrument encroaching on their livelihood.[1][2]
Origin and design
editThe clarinet arrived in Brittany in the 18th century.[3] The most traditional Breton clarinet is an older type of instrument with 13 or even fewer keys, in contrast to the modern 'Boehm' instrument commonly used in contemporary music in France. Classical musicians in the 19th century discarded older instruments in favor of newer designs from makers such as Boehm, Albert, etc. replacing the formerly ubiquitous 13-key clarinet developed by Iwan Müller in the 19th century.[4] These discarded instruments eventually found their way into the hands of folk musicians and the "treujenn gaol" was born.
After a decline in use in traditional music in the early 20th century,[5] the instrument was revived in the 1970s for use in pairs of instruments (much like the bombard and biniou) and in the music of the bagad.[3][6]
In Breton music, two clarinetists typically play together, or the clarinet plays with an accordion, though they also play in ensembles with other instruments. The clarinet is a common part of Breton jazz bands, along with saxophones and drums, playing both jazz and traditional songs.
Play style
editIn the traditional pieces, only the clarinet register is used (overblow flap open).[7] The melodies generally use diatonic scales without changing the sign. Of the 13 keys, only those for the h (sounding a) and the c' (sounding b') as well as the overblow key are used. Other halftone keys or forked keys are not used. Accordingly, the unnecessary flaps can also be clamped or removed, in particular the movable rings are locked. Diatonic clarinets without or with few keys are also used.[8] This results in two rows of notes:[7]
From the fundamental note b: b, c', d', *es', f', g', a', b' (the notes marked with * are raised by a quarter tone compared to the equal temperament)
From the fundamental note c': c', d', *es', f', g', *as', *b', c"
These series largely correspond to the traditional tonality of central Brittany. These scales are more difficult to achieve on a 24-key clarinet.[7]
Players
editThe best-known Breton clarinetists are probably Christian Duro and Erik Marchand, a former member of both Quintet Clarinettes and Gwerz.[citation needed] The bands Termajik, Kentan, Darhaou, Tonnerre de Brest, L'Echo, Cabestan and Strobinell also use clarinets.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ Williams, Sean (2020-03-24). Focus: Irish Traditional Music. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-000-05019-6.
- ^ Rice, Timothy; Porter, James; Goertzen, Chris (2017-09-25). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-54426-9.
- ^ a b "La clarinette en Bretagne". Panorama / Histoire des instruments (in French). 2008-08-28. Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Origine et évolutions techniques de la clarinette". Panorama / Histoire des instruments (in French). 2009-04-25. Archived from the original on 2009-04-25. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Un déclin général, excepté en Centre-Bretagne". Panorama / Histoire des instruments (in French). 2008-08-28. Archived from the original on 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Une clarinette bien bretonnisée". Panorama / Histoire des instruments (in French). 2008-08-28. Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ a b c "Treujenn Gaol: Mode et style de jeu". Treujenn Gaol (in French). 2009-04-25. Archived from the original on 2009-04-25. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "Clarinettes diatoniques – Clarinettes sans clés". Treujenn Gaol (in French). 2009-04-26. Archived from the original on 2009-04-26. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
External links
edit- "Paotred an Dreujenn Gaol - Sonneurs de Clarinette en Bretagne". Paotred an Dreujenn Gaol - Sonneurs de Clarinette en Bretagne (in French). Archived from the original on 2009-04-27. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- "Treujenn Gaol". Treujenn Gaol (in French). Retrieved 2024-06-07.