Tribonian (Greek: Τριβωνιανός [trivonia'nos], c. 485? – 542) was a Byzantine jurist and advisor. During the reign of the Emperor Justinian I, he supervised the revision of the legal code of the Byzantine Empire.[1] He has been described as one of the wisest collaborators of Justinian.[2]
Tribonian | |
|---|---|
 Bas-relief plaque of Tribonian in the Chamber of the United States House of Representatives in the United States Capitol. | |
| Born | c. 485 (?) |
| Died | 542 (aged about 57) |
| Occupation(s) | jurist and advisor |
| Years active | 529-542 |
| Known for | supervised the revision of the legal code of the Byzantine Empire into the Code of Justinian. |
Tribonian was a Greek from Cyme, who studied law in Constantinople, where he became the most renowned legal scholar of his day. He was a close friend of Emperor Justinian, who appointed him to head the commission that compiled the Codex Justinianus and the Digest. Justinian also appointed Tribonian to high offices in the imperial administration, such as magister officiorum and quaestor sacri palatii, but at the beginning of the Nika riots he was forced to dismiss him on charges made by his enemies.[3] Tribonian died in 542 of a disease, perhaps the plague.[4]
Biography
editTribonian was a Greek,[2][5][6] born in Cyme, in Pamphylia (modern Side),[7] around the year 485.[8] He may have been a pagan.[2][5][9] He was well educated and practiced law before the court of the praetorian prefect.[10] Justinian made Tribonian magister officiorum (Master of Offices), although it is not clear when,[11] and then appointed him quaestor sacri palatii in September 529.[12]
In 528, before he was appointed quaestor, Tribonian was named by Justinian as one of the commissioners charged with preparing the new imperial legal code, the Codex Justinianeus, which subsequently was issued on April 7, 529.[13] In 530, after Tribonian had become quaestor, it was natural for Justinian to put him in charge of the next major law reform project: compiling and harmonizing the writings of classical Roman jurists. Justinian's main objects in creating this harmonized compilation of juristic writings were to shorten litigation (by clarifying the law), and to create a syllabus to be used at the law schools in Berytus (Beirut) and Constantinople.[14] During the same period, Tribonian also was charged with carrying out another aspect of Justinian's reforms in legal education and codification — creating a textbook for first-year law students by updating the Institutes of Gaius. Both the Digest and the new Institutes of Justinian were promulgated in December of 533.[15] In 534, Justinian decided that so many new laws had been passed, and so many older ones harmonized, since the publication of his first Code in 529, a second edition was needed. Hence, the Codex repetitae praelectionis was published, entirely superseding the edition of 529, the text of which has been lost.[16]
In 532, Tribonian was removed as quaestor due to the charges of corruption made by his enemies during the Nika riots, but he continued to work on the codification.[17] He was restored to his post as quaestor in 535 and continued in that position until his death.[18] Tribonian continued to help draft new laws for Justinian; these new laws (Novellae Constitutiones) were later combined with the Codex Justinianus, the Digest and the Institutes to comprise the Corpus Juris Civilis.
Tribonian died in 542 of a disease, perhaps the plague.[4] Tribonian's career is summarized by his noted modern biographer, Tony Honoré, in this way: "...he was Justinian's minister for legislation and propaganda for nearly twelve years...In these years the three volumes of the Corpus Juris Civilis and most of the surviving legislation of Justinian's reign were produced. He drafted about three-quarters of the surviving constitutions of Justinian's reign. He planned and directed the work of the Second Law Commission, which produced the Digest, the Institutes and the Second "Codex Iustinianus."[19]
References
edit- ^ Roman Jurisprudence Archived 2008-01-20 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b c Laskarēs, Ēlias (1990). Βυζαντινοί αυτοκράτορες: 306-610 μ.Χ. (από το Μέγα Κωνσταντίνο μέχρι και το Φωκά) (in Greek). Vyzantis. p. 67. ISBN 978-960-85091-0-8.
ΤΡΙΒΩΝΙΑΝΟΣ : Ήταν ο σοφότερος από τους συνεργάτες του Ιουστινιανού . Ήταν ειδωλολάτρης Έλληνας από την Παμφυλία
- ^ Honoré, Tribonian (1978)
- ^ a b See Honoré, supra note 2 at 61-64 for a detailed sifting of the evidence.
- ^ a b Gerostergios, Asterios (1982). Justinian the Great: The Emperor and Saint. Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-914744-58-0.
Tribonian, a pagan of Greek origin, from Pamphilia.
- ^ Kettl, Donald F. (2024). Experts in Government: The Deep State from Caligula to Trump and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. p. 1969. ISBN 978-1-009-27612-2.
Tribonian, a Greek...
- ^ Freely, John (2009). Children of Achilles: The Greeks in Asia Minor since the Days of Troy. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-85773-630-7.
Tribonian was born in Side, the ancient Pamphylian colony of Aeolian Cyme.
- ^ "We can only guess at the date of his birth....Tribonian attained the quaestorship in 529, so he was presumably born before 500, perhaps in the last fifteen years of the fifth century." Tony Honoré, Tribonian (1978), 41.
- ^ Hillner, Julia (2015). Prison, Punishment and Penance in Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-521-51751-5.
...the possibly pagan, but certainly classically minded Tribonian.
- ^ Honoré, 44.
- ^ Honoré, 45
- ^ Tony Honoré, "Tribonian" in The Oxford Classical Dictionary 1549 (Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth eds. 3rd rev. ed 2003).
- ^ Honoré, supra note 2 at 44-46.
- ^ Tony Honoré, "Justinian's Codification" in The Oxford Classical Dictionary 803, 804 (Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth eds. 3rd rev. ed 2003). For a lengthier discussion of the purpose of the second Commission, see Honoré, supra note 2 at 48-50.
- ^ Honoré, "Justinian's Codification, supra note 8.
- ^ Id.[clarification needed]
- ^ Honoré, supra note 2 at 48.
- ^ Honoré, supra note 5.
- ^ Honoré, supra note 8 at 69.