Tricholoma saponaceum, also known as the soap-scented toadstool, soapy tricholoma,[1] soapy knight or soap tricholoma is an inedible mushroom found in woodlands in Europe and North America.
| Tricholoma saponaceum | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Tricholomataceae |
| Genus: | Tricholoma |
| Species: | T. saponaceum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Tricholoma saponaceum | |
| Synonyms | |
Tricholoma saponaceum | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnexed |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is white |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is poisonous |
Taxonomy
editTricholoma saponaceum was first described in 1818 by the father of mycology Elias Magnus Fries and given the name Agaricus saponaceus, before being placed in the genus Tricholoma by German mycologist Paul Kummer in 1871. The specific epithet saponaceum is derived from the Latin 'of or pertaining to soap'.[2] Its names in other European languages, such as French Tricolome à odeur de savon, and German Seifenritterling have a similar derivation to its English names-soap-scented toadstool, soapy knight or soap tricholoma—all relating to its soapy scent.[3][4]
Tricholoma saponaceum is yet another fungus which may represent a species complex of two or more species. The variety ardosiacum, described by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola, has a dark blue-grey cap.
Description
editTricholoma saponaceum has a convex cap about 4–15 cm (1.6–5.9 in) across, with a vague umbo[5] which flattens with age. The colour is highly variable, with greyish, greenish, olive, yellowish and brownish shades reported. The cap is paler at the margin and fades with age. The widely spaced gills are adnexed and whitish, although may be tinted pale green and bruise pink. The whitish stipe (also sometimes displaying colors present in the cap) lacks a ring and can be swollen in its midriff, and measures 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) tall by 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) wide.[5] The flesh can but does not always stain pink-orange, and this color may already be present in the flesh of the stipe's base.[6] The spore print is white, and the oval smooth spores measure 5–6 × 3–4 μm.[3] The odour is distinctive and has been likened to newly scrubbed floors or soap.[4]
Its gills may lead it to being confused with Hygrophorus species.[3] It is similar in appearance to Tricholoma griseoviolaceum.[5]
Distribution and habitat
editTricholoma saponaceum is a terrestrial mushroom found in Europe and North America. It is abundant in the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountains.[3] It is found in coniferous and deciduous woodlands (more commonly the former in North America) from late summer to late autumn. Spruce, live oak, tanoak, and madrone are species it can be associated with in the western United States.[3] It is associated with oak in Central and southern Europe.[4]
Toxicity
editBland or mild tasting, the fungus is usually classified as inedible or poisonous in guidebooks.[3][4][7] It contains toxins which can cause severe gastric upset.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit
- ^ Thiers, Harry D.; Arora, David (September 1980). "Mushrooms Demystified". Mycologia. 72 (5): 1054. doi:10.2307/3759750. ISSN 0027-5514.
- ^ Simpson DP (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
- ^ a b c d e f Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- ^ a b c d Nilson, Sven; Olle Persson (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. p. 30. ISBN 0-14-063006-6.
- ^ a b c Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
- ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.