Trillium maculatum, the spotted wakerobin or spotted trillium,[5][6] is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is a member of the Trillium cuneatum complex, a closely related group of sessile-flowered trilliums. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, ranging across Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and northern Florida.
| Trillium maculatum | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Melanthiaceae |
| Genus: | Trillium |
| Species: | T. maculatum
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| Binomial name | |
| Trillium maculatum | |
| Synonyms[4] | |
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Trillium maculatum
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Description
editTrillium maculatum is a perennial, herbaceous, flowering plant that persists by means of an underground rhizome. Like all trilliums, it has a whorl of three bracts (leaves) and a single trimerous flower with three sepals, three petals, two whorls of three stamens each, and three carpels (fused into a single ovary with three stigmas).[7] It has a sessile flower (no flower stalk), erect petals, and mottled leaves.[8] Its flower petals are deep red or reddish-purple but occasionally yellow.[6]
Taxonomy
editTrillium maculatum was first described by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1830.[3] The specific epithet maculatum means "spotted",[9] a reference to the conspicuously marked leaves of some forms of this species.[10] Although Rafinesque described a species with spotted stems,[11] later authors have not confirmed that character.[citation needed]
Trillium maculatum is a member of the Trillium cuneatum complex, a group of eight taxa including Trillium luteum and Trillium cuneatum (in the strict sense).[12] All members of the complex are sessile-flowered trilliums (Trillium subgen. Sessilia).
Distribution and habitat
editTrillium maculatum is endemic to the southeastern United States, ranging across South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and northern Florida.[4][13]
Ecology
editTrillium maculatum flowers early February to early April.[14]
References
edit- ^ Meredith, C.R.; Trillium Working Group 2019 (2020). "Trillium maculatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T146086627A146089270. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T146086627A146089270.en. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ^ "Trillium maculatum". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Trillium maculatum Raf.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Trillium maculatum Raf.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Trillium maculatum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ a b Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002). "Trillium maculatum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 31 March 2023 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002). "Trillium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 March 2023 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002). "Trillium subg. Phyllantherum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 March 2023 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
- ^ Case & Case (1997), p. 209.
- ^ Rafinesque, C. S. (1830). Medical Flora; or Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of North America. Vol. 2. Philadelphia. p. 103. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ Lampley (2021), Ch. 2.
- ^ "Trillium maculatum". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ Stritch, Larry. "Spotted Trillium (Trillium maculatum)". United States Forest Service. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
Bibliography
edit- Case, Frederick W.; Case, Roberta B. (1997). Trilliums. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-374-2.
- Freeman, J. D. (1975). "Revision of Trillium subgenus Phyllantherum (Liliaceae)". Brittonia. 27 (1): 1–62. doi:10.2307/2805646. JSTOR 2805646. S2CID 20824379.
- Lampley, Jayne A. (2021). A systematic and biogeographic study of Trillium (Melanthiaceae) (PhD). University of Tennessee. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
External links
edit- Native Florida Wildflowers
- Wildflowers of the United States
- Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants
- Trillium maculatum in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley
- Citizen science observations for Trillium maculatum at iNaturalist
- Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) occurrence data and maps for Trillium maculatum