Trimesityliridium is a pyramidal iridium(III) complex that crystallizes as a red-brown solid with the formula Ir(C9H11)3.[1] It is most often used as an oxygen atom transfer catalyst in concert with oxotrimesityliridium, the product it forms readily when exposed to O2.
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3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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| Properties | |
| C27H33Ir | |
| Molar mass | 549.77 |
| Appearance | red-brown crystalline solid |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Synthesis
editThe synthesis of trimesityliridium(III) was first reported in 1992 following a procedure described in the corresponding paper as mimicking that of the previously prepared organometallic rhodium analog Rh(mes)3.[1] The rhodium analog had been synthesized as a result of a prior collaboration between the same research groups responsible for this iridium complex, the labs of Michael Hursthouse and Geoffrey Wilkinson.[2] Trimesityliridium(III) was first synthesized via the reaction of the Grignard reagent mesitylmagnesium bromide (MesMgBr) with IrCl3(tht), where tht = tetrahydrothiophene, in diethyl ether.
Properties
editTrimesityliridium(III) crystallizes as a red-brown solid soluble in hexane, toluene, and hexamethyldisiloxane. It is very air sensitive and decomposes at room temperature.[1]
Reactivity
editAs an air sensitive compound, trimesityliridium(III) reacts readily with O2 at room temperature to form oxotrimesityliridium(V) via a reaction pathway that is second-order with respect to iridium.[3] The kinetics of this reaction can be monitored spectrophotometrically and yield a rate law of rate=k[Ir(III)]2[O2]), which supports the mechanism proposed by Hay-Motherwell and Wilkinson in 1993, in which a dioxygen complexes to the metal center in trimesityliridium before a second equivalent of the iridium species reduces this species to yield two oxotrimesityliridium equivalents.[4]
Under standard conditions, these two iridium complexes undergo rapid intermetal oxygen atom transfer (OAT), demonstrating just one of its productive reactivities with oxygen.[5] A rate constant of this reaction of 5 × 107 M−1 s−1 has been extrapolated from variable temperature NMR studies of the product of the two iridium species’ conproportionation, which occurs at low temperatures, yielding (mes)3Ir—O—Ir(mes)3.[5] This degenerate intermetal oxygen atom transfer occurs about twelve orders of magnitude faster than does the osmium analog, leading Seth Brown et al. to conclude in 2007 that the pyramidal nature of both Ir(III) and Ir(V) is responsible for the unique ability of (mes)3IrO to partake in intermetal OAT without placing any electrons in an antibonding orbital.[5] The authors reach such a conclusion by comparing (mes)3Ir with Os(NAr)3, another three-coordinate late-transition metal complex. To form the dimeric intermediate of the intermetal OAT, both complexes must assume a pyramidal configuration, which in the case of the iridium species is already occupied, whereas the osmium complex must distort from its planar configuration and place a pair of electrons in an antibonding orbital to allow such reactivity.[5] Trimesityliridium has a HOMO of a1 symmetry, consistent with the symmetry of the LUMO of oxotrimesityliridium, giving rise to the orbitally allowed linear approach of the latter for rapid intermetal OAT. Brown et al. thus indicate that (mes)3IrO is well-suited to activating dioxygen in co-catalyzed oxidations.[5]
These conclusions have been supported by DFT calculations from Sakaki et al., which were used to decompose the activation energies of the iridium system and the corresponding osmium system into nuclear and electronic factors, where nuclear factors refer to the energy necessary to distort the ML3 and ML3═O moieties to their transition state geometries.[6] The nuclear factor in the osmium system is enough larger than that of the iridium system as to account for about 70% of the difference in their activation energies.[6]
Co-catalyzed oxidations as described by Brown et al. can even be performed between trimesityliridium(III) and the product of its reaction with O2, oxotrimesityliridium(V). For instance, they can be combined with triphenylphosphine under standard temperature and pressure to facilitate OAT to triphenylphosphine with relatively high activity.[3]
Despite its reactivity with similar substrates, kinetic factors prevent oxotrimesityliridium from reacting with sulfides, sulfoxides, alcohols, or alkenes.[3] On the other hand, trimesityliridium can react with organic azides to form a variety of products of several different geometries, including pseudo-square planar, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral, depending on the nature of the reactant azide.[7] One such product of a reaction with an organic azide is a unique pseudo-square planar iridium(III) complex with a tetradentate ligand composed of three π-donating amido interactions and one π-accepting olefin.[7] This species is a rare iridium(III) amido complex.
Trimesityliridium's reactivity with organic azides has been probed in the interest of studying late transition metal imido complexes given their potential reactivity toward various small organic molecules.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c Hay-Motherwell, Robyn S.; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Hussain-Bates, Bilquis; Hursthouse, Michael B. (1992-01-01). "Homoleptic mesityls of iridium(III,IV,V) and ruthenium(IV,V)". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (24): 3477–3482. doi:10.1039/DT9920003477. ISSN 1364-5447.
- ^ Hay-Motherwell, Robyn S.; Koschmieder, Stefan U.; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Hussain-Bates, Bilquis; Hursthouse, Michael B. (1991-01-01). "Aryl compounds of rhodium: syntheses and X-ray crystal structures". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (11): 2821–2830. doi:10.1039/DT9910002821. ISSN 1364-5447.
- ^ a b c Jacobi, Bridey Grant; Laitar, David S.; Pu, Lihung; Wargocki, Michael F.; DiPasquale, Antonio G.; Fortner, Kevin C.; Schuck, Stephany M.; Brown, Seth N. (2002-09-01). "Stoichiometric and Catalytic Oxygen Activation by Trimesityliridium(III)". Inorganic Chemistry. 41 (18): 4815–4823. doi:10.1021/ic025700e. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 12206710.
- ^ Hay-Motherwell, Robyn S.; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Hussain-Bates, Bilquis; Hursthouse, Michael B. (August 1993). "Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of oxotrimesityliridium(V)". Polyhedron. 12 (16): 2009–2012. doi:10.1016/s0277-5387(00)81474-6. ISSN 0277-5387.
- ^ a b c d e Fortner, Kevin C.; Laitar, David S.; Muldoon, John; Pu, Lihung; Braun-Sand, Sonja B.; Wiest, Olaf; Brown, Seth N. (2007-01-01). "Ultrafast and Ultraslow Oxygen Atom Transfer Reactions between Late Metal Centers". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129 (3): 588–600. doi:10.1021/ja065713h. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 17227022.
- ^ a b Ishikawa, Atsushi; Nakao, Yoshihide; Sato, Hirofumi; Sakaki, Shigeyoshi (2009-09-07). "Oxygen Atom Transfer Reactions of Iridium and Osmium Complexes: Theoretical Study of Characteristic Features and Significantly Large Differences Between These Two Complexes". Inorganic Chemistry. 48 (17): 8154–8163. doi:10.1021/ic900285b. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 19670885.
- ^ a b c Danopoulos, Andreas A.; Hay-Motherwell, Robyn S.; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Cafferkey, Sean M.; Sweet, Tracy K. N.; Hursthouse, Michael B. (1997-01-01). "Reactions of iridium and ruthenium complexes with organicazides". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (18): 3177–3184. doi:10.1039/A703028B. ISSN 1364-5447.