Triruthenium dodecacarbonyl is the chemical compound with the formula Ru3(CO)12. Classified as metal carbonyl cluster, it is a dark orange-colored solid that is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. The compound serves as a precursor to other organoruthenium compounds.
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
cyclo-tris(tetracarbonylruthenium)
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| Other names
Ruthenium carbonyl
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.035.701 |
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C12O12Ru3 | |
| Molar mass | 639.33 g/mol |
| Appearance | orange solid |
| Density | 2.48 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 224 °C (435 °F; 497 K) |
| Boiling point | sublimes in vacuum |
| insoluble | |
| Solubility in organic solvents | soluble |
| Structure | |
| D3h cluster | |
| 0 D | |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards
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Toxic, CO Source |
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| Warning | |
| H302, H315, H319, H332, H335 | |
| P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501 | |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds
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Triiron dodecacarbonyl Triosmium dodecacarbonyl |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Structure and synthesis
editThe cluster has D3h symmetry, consisting of an equilateral triangle of Ru atoms, each of which bears two axial and two equatorial CO ligands. The Ru-Ru distance is 284 pm.[1] Os3(CO)12 has the same structure. In Fe3(CO)12, two CO ligands are bridging, resulting in C2v symmetry. In solution, Ru3(CO)12 is fluxional as indicated by the observation of a single CO signal in the room temperature 13C NMR spectrum. The barrier is estimated at 20 kJ/mol[2]
Ru3(CO)12 is prepared by treating solutions of ruthenium trichloride with carbon monoxide in the presence of a base. Dichlororuthenium tricarbonyl dimer is an intermediate.[3][4] The stoichiometry of the reaction is uncertain, one possibility being the following:
- 6 RuCl3 + 33 CO + 18 CH3OH → 2 Ru3(CO)12 + 9 CO(OCH3)2 + 18 HCl
Reactions
editThe chemical properties of Ru3(CO)12 have been widely studied, and the cluster has been converted to hundreds of derivatives. High pressures of CO convert the cluster to the monomeric ruthenium pentacarbonyl, which reverts to the parent cluster upon standing.
- Ru3(CO)12 + 3 CO ⇌ 3 Ru(CO)5 Keq = 3.3 x 10−7 mol dm−3 at room temperature
The instability of Ru(CO)5 contrasts with the robustness of the corresponding Fe(CO)5. The condensation of Ru(CO)5 into Ru3(CO)12 proceeds via initial, rate-limiting loss of CO to give the unstable, coordinatively unsaturated species Ru(CO)4. This tetracarbonyl binds Ru(CO)5, initiating the condensation.[5]
Upon warming under a pressure of hydrogen, Ru3(CO)12 converts to the tetrahedral cluster H4Ru4(CO)12.[6] Ru3(CO)12 undergoes substitution reactions with Lewis bases:
- Ru3(CO)12 + n L → Ru3(CO)12-nLn + n CO (n = 1, 2, or 3)
where L is a tertiary phosphine or an isocyanide. It forms complexes with acenaphthylene.[7]
Ru3(CO)12 forms a variety of alkene complexes, some where the Ru3 core remains intact but often with fragmentation. Upon treatment with 1,5-cyclooctadiene gives the monoRu tricarbonyl derivative:[8]
- Ru3(CO)12 + 3 C8H12 → 3 Ru(C8H12)(CO)3 + 3 CO
Upon irradiation with UV light, Ru3(CO)12 converts to an insoluble polymeric form.[9]
Ru-carbido clusters
editAt high temperatures, Ru3(CO)12 converts to a series of clusters that contain interstitial carbido ligands. These include Ru6C(CO)17 and Ru5C(CO)15. Anionic carbido clusters are also known, including [Ru5C(CO)14]2− and the bioctahedral cluster [Ru10C2(CO)24]2−.[10] Ru3(CO)12 -derived carbido compounds have been used to synthesize nanoparticles for catalysis. These particles consist of 6-7 atoms and thus are all surface, resulting in extraordinary activity.
References
edit- ^ Slebodnick, C.; Zhao, J.; Angel, R.; Hanson, B. E.; Song, Y.; Liu, Z.; Hemley, R. J. (2004). "High Pressure Study of Ru3(CO)12 by X-ray Diffraction, Raman, and Infrared Spectroscopy". Inorg. Chem. 43 (17): 5245–5252. doi:10.1021/ic049617y. PMID 15310201.
- ^ Farrugia, Louis J. (1997). "Dynamics and fluxionality in metal carbonyl clusters: Some old and new problems". Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (11): 1783–1792. doi:10.1039/A608514H.
- ^ Bruce, M. I.; Jensen, C. M.; Jones, N. L. (1989). "Polynuclear Ruthenium Complexes". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 26. pp. 259–61. doi:10.1002/9780470132579.ch45. ISBN 978-0-471-50485-6.
- ^ Fauré, Matthieu; Saccavini, Catherine; Lavigne, Guy (2004). "Transition Metal Carbonyl Compounds". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 34. p. 110. doi:10.1002/0471653683.ch3. ISBN 978-0-471-64750-8.
- ^ Hastings, W. R.; Roussel, M. R.; Baird, M. C. "Mechanism of the conversion of [Ru(CO)5] into [Ru3(CO)12]" Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, 1990, pages 203-205. doi:10.1039/DT9900000203
- ^ Bruce, M. I.; Williams, M. L. "Dodecacarbonyl(tetrahydrido)tetraruthenium, Ru4(μ-H)4(CO)12" Inorganic Syntheses, 1989, volume 26, pages 262-63. ISBN 0-471-50485-8.
- ^ Motoyama, Yukihiro; Itonaga, Chikara; Ishida, Toshiki; Takasaki, Mikihiro; Nagashima, Hideo (2005). "Catalytic Reduction of Amides to Amines with Hydrosilanes Using a Triruthenium Cluster as the Catalyst". Organic Syntheses. 82. 188. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.082.0188.
- ^ Domingos, A. J. P.; Howell, J. A. S.; Johnson, B. F. G.; Lewis, J. (1990). "Reagents for the Synthesis of η-Diene Complexes of Tricarbonnyliron and Tricarbonylruthenium". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 28. pp. 52–55. doi:10.1002/9780470132593.ch11. ISBN 978-0-471-52619-3.
- ^ Hastings, W. Ross; Baird, Michael C. (1986). "A new form of ruthenium tetracarbonyl". Inorganic Chemistry. 25 (16): 2913–2915. doi:10.1021/ic00236a054.
- ^ Nicholls, J. N.; Vargas, M. D. "Carbido-Carbonyl Ruthenium Cluster Complexes" Inorganic Syntheses, 1989, volume 26, pages 280-85. doi:10.1002/9780470132579.ch49