Trogulidae is a family of harvestmen comprising 65 extant species (plus 1 extinct) in five genera.
| Trogulidae Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Trogulus tricarinatus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Suborder: | Dyspnoi |
| Superfamily: | Troguloidea |
| Family: | Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833 |
| Genera | |
| Diversity | |
| 6 genera, 65 species | |
| |
| Approximate natural range of Trogulidae | |
Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. In most genera the body is somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood which hides their short chelicerae and pedipalps.[1]
Distribution
editMembers of this family occur in western and southern Europe, up to western North Africa and the Levant, the Caucasus and northern Iran. Trogulus tricarinatus, a predator of terrestrial snails, has been introduced to eastern North America.[1]
Name
editThe derivation of the name of the type genus, Trogulus, is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a monkshood. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from the Ancient Greek trogein "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.[1]
Species
editThe known genera and species in Trogulidae as of 2023 are:[2][3][4]
- Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967
- Anarthrotarsus martensi Šilhavý, 1967 – Greece
- Anarthrotarsus trichasi Kontos & Martens, 2022 – Greece
- Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879
- Anelasmocephalus balearicus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Spain (Baleares)
- Anelasmocephalus brignolii Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy (Sardinia)
- Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy (Sicily)
- Anelasmocephalus cambridgei (Westwood, 1874) – UK to Balkans (Europe)
- Anelasmocephalus cazorla Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain
- Anelasmocephalus crassipes (H. Lucas, 1846) – Algeria, Tunisia
- Anelasmocephalus gadirrif Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain, Morocco
- Anelasmocephalus hadzii Martens, 1978 – Austria, Italy, Serbia, etc Balkans
- Anelasmocephalus lycosinus (Sørensen, 1873) – Italy
- Anelasmocephalus ortunioi Prieto & Las Heras, 2020 – Spain
- Anelasmocephalus osellai Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy
- Anelasmocephalus pusillus Simon, 1879 – Italy, France (Corsica)
- Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus Martens, 1978 – Spain
- Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis Simon, 1879 – Italy, France, Switzerland
- Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis Martens & Chemini, 1988 – France
- Anelasmocephalus tuscus Martens & Chemini, 1988 – Italy
- Calathocratus Simon, 1879
- Calathocratus africanus (H. Lucas, 1846) – Algeria, Tunisia, Italy
- Calathocratus beieri Gruber, 1968 – Turkey
- Calathocratus caucasicus (Šilhavý, 1966) – Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Iran.
- Calathocratus hirsutus Snegovaya, 2011 – Russia
- Calathocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940 – Greece (Crete)
- Calathocratus kyrghyzicus (Chemeris, 2013) – Kyrgyzstan
- Calathocratus minutus Snegovaya, 2011 – Russia
- Calathocratus rhodiensis (Gruber, 1963) – Greece (Rhodes)
- Calathocratus singularis (Roewer, 1940) – Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey
- Calathocratus sinuosus (Sørensen, 1873) – Italy
- Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940
- Kofiniotis creticus Roewer, 1940 – Greece (Crete)
- Trogulus aquaticus Simon, 1879 – France (Corsica)
- Trogulus balearicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Spain (Baleares)
- Trogulus banaticus Avram, 1971 – Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, etc.
- Trogulus cisalpinus Chemini & Martens, 1988 – Italy
- Trogulus closanicus Avram, 1971 – Romania, Germany, Bulgaria etc
- Trogulus coreiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – (Unknown locality) [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
- Trogulus coriziformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Italy (contra reports of widespread)
- Trogulus cristatus Simon, 1879 – France, Italy
- Trogulus falcipenis Komposch, 1999 – Austria, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia
- Trogulus graecus Dahl, 1903 – Greece, Albania, etc (Balkans)
- Trogulus gypseus Simon, 1879 – Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Greece.
- Trogulus hirtus Dahl, 1903 – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia
- Trogulus huberi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Portugal
- Trogulus karamanorum Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Macedonia, Albania etc (Balkans)
- Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1932 – Portugal
- Trogulus lygaeiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Greece [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
- Trogulus martensi Chemini, 1983 – Italy, France, etc
- Trogulus megaligrava Schönhofer et al., 2013 – Greece (Corfu)
- Trogulus melitensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Croatia
- Trogulus nepaeformis (Scopoli, 1763) – Italy, France, etc (Southern Europe)
- Trogulus oltenicus Avram, 1971 – Romania
- Trogulus ozimeci Schönhofer et al., 2013 – Croatia
- Trogulus pharensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Croatia
- Trogulus prietoi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Spain
- Trogulus pulverulentus C. L. Koch, 1856 – Spain [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
- Trogulus pyrenaicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008 – Spain
- Trogulus rossicus Šilhavý, 1968 – Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
- Trogulus setosissmus Roewer, 1940 – Croatia
- Trogulus squamatus C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Montenegro, Croatia (Dalmatia)
- Trogulus templetonii Westwood, 1833 – Spain [Nomen dubium per Schönhofer 2013]
- Trogulus tenuitarsus Schönhofer et al., 2013 – Macedonia
- Trogulus thaleri Schönhofer & Martens, 2009 – Croatia
- Trogulus tingiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 – Germany, etc (Central Europe)
- Trogulus torosus Simon, 1885 – Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (Dalmatia)
- Trogulus tricarinatus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Germany, etc (Widespread Western, Central Europe)
- Trogulus uncinatus Gruber, 1973 – Turkey
See also extinct:
- †Trogulus longipes Haupt, 1956 (fossil: Eocene)
Plus see unknown:
- †Amphitrogulus Gourret, 1887
- †Amphitrogulus sternalis Gourret, 1887
References
edit- ^ a b c Gruber, Jürgen (2007): Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 157ff
- ^ "A taxonomic catalogue of the Dyspnoi Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 (Arachnida: Opiliones)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
- ^ Chemeris, A.N. (2013) Two new harvestman species (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the collection of Siberian Zoological Museum. Arthropoda Selecta
- ^ "Trogulidae". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
Further reading
edit- Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Trogulidae
- Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G. (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-02343-9
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