Troides cuneifera, the Mountain Birdwing,[2] is a large butterfly belonging to the swallowtail family, Papilionidae, found in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo.
| Troides cuneifera | |
|---|---|
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| Male | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Papilionidae |
| Genus: | Troides |
| Species: | T. cuneifera
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| Binomial name | |
| Troides cuneifera Oberthür, 1879
| |
Being very similar to Troides amphrysus, the butterfly was originally described as Ornithoptera amphrisius var. cuneifera. The first to separate the two species was Pieter Cornelius Tobias Snellen in 1889. In Sumatra and Java it is a highlands species occurring up to an altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), but it occurs as low as 300 metres (980 ft) in the Thai-Malay Peninsula. The species is in decline in Sumatra and Java due to human activities such as increased cultivation.
Troides cuneifera tantalus remains one of the great mysteries of the birdwings. The taxon is known from only one male and one female. When described, the specimens were claimed to originate from Kala Bula Hills or Kala Bala Hills, north Borneo.
Description
edit
Troides cuneifera is sexually dimorphic.
Male: The forewings are ground colour black. There are some yellow postdiscal stripes which may be faint. The underside of the forewings is very similar. The hindwings are golden yellow. The veins and the edge of the wing are black. There is a chain of post discal black spots. The underside of the hindwings is very similar.
The abdomen is light brown and has two black spots. The underside of the abdomen is yellow. The head and thorax are black.
Female: The female is larger than the male. The wing ground colour is dark brown. The veins are bordered by white shading. There is a golden-yellow area with dark veins on the hindwings. At the outer edge there is a marginal chain of yellow spots. The underside is very similar.
Biology
editThe larval food plant is a species of Aristolochia, A. foveolata.
Subspecies
edit- Troides cuneifera cuneifera Java.
- Troides cuneifera paeninsulae (Pendlebury, 1936) Malaysia
- Troides cuneifera sumatranus (Hagen, 1894) Sumatra
- Troides cuneifera tantalus Ehrmann, 1904 North Borneo, known from only one male and one female
Biogeographic realm
editRelated species
editTroides cuneifera is a member of the Troides amphrysus species group. The members of this clade are:
- Troides amphrysus (Cramer, [1779])
- Troides andromache (Staudinger, 1892)
- Troides cuneifera (Oberthür, 1879)
- Troides miranda (Butler, 1869)
References
edit- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ Ek-Amnuay, P. (2012). Butterflies of Thailand. 2nd Edition (English)
- Gabriel, Alfred George (1941) The superficial differences between Troides cuneifera Oberthür and Troides amphrysus Cramer. Entomologist 74, pp. [203-204]
- Haugum, J. & Low, A.M. (1983). A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies. The systematics of Ornithoptera,Troides and related genera. Vol. 2, Part 2. Troides; amphrysus and haliphron groups. Klampenborg, Denmark: Scandinavian Science Press pp. 105–204
- Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985). Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book. Gland & Cambridge: IUCN. ISBN 978-2-88032-603-6 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- D'Abrera, B. (1975) Birdwing Butterflies of the World. Country Life Books, London.
Other literature at Troides
External links
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- Ngypal
- Butterflycorner Images from Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (English/German)
- Indomalaysian Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Ecoregion
- Kurt Rumbucher,Béla von Knötgen and Oliver Schäffler, Knötgen 1999 Part 7, Papilionidae IV. Troides II., amphrysus-group in Erich Bauer and Thomas Frankenbach Eds. Butterflies of the World. Keltern: Goecke & Evers ISBN 978-3-931374-74-7 .