Wikipedia

1987 Atlantic hurricane season

(Redirected from Tropical Storm Cindy (1987))

The 1987 Atlantic hurricane season was a below-average hurricane season that was limited by an ongoing El Niño. The season officially began on June 1, 1987, and lasted until November 30, 1987, although activity began on May 24 when a tropical depression developed 400 mi (640 km) east of the central Bahamas. The June through November dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first cyclone to attain tropical storm status was an unnamed tropical storm which formed on August 9, nearly a month later than usual.[1] The final storm of the year, Tropical Depression Fourteen, merged with a weak extratropical low on November 4. The season marked the first year tropical storm watches and warnings were issued; previously, gale watches and warnings were used for tropical storms, and this season was one of only a few seasons with no deaths in the United States; the last time this happened was in the 1981 season.

1987 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedMay 24, 1987
Last system dissipatedNovember 4, 1987
Strongest storm
NameEmily
 • Maximum winds125 mph (205 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure958 mbar (hPa; 28.29 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions14
Total storms7
Hurricanes3
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		1
Total fatalities10 total
Total damage$90.01 million (1987 USD)
Related articles
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989

During this season, 14 tropical depressions formed of which seven attained tropical storm status. One tropical storm was operationally classified as a tropical depression but was reclassified in post-analysis. Three tropical cyclones reached hurricane status of which only one became a major hurricane, which is a Category 3 or greater on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Hurricane Emily was the costliest storm of the season, causing $80.3 million in damage (1987 USD) as it ravaged the Dominican Republic and Bermuda. Tropical Depression Fourteen was the deadliest storm of the season, causing six deaths as it passed across Jamaica. Of the seven cyclones that attained tropical storm status, three did not affect land.

Seasonal forecasts and activity

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Predictions of tropical activity in the 1987 season
Source Date Named
storms 		Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
CSU June 2 8 5 N/A
Record high activity 30 15 7† [2]
Record low activity 1 0† 0† [2]
Actual activity 7 3 1

Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by hurricane expert Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University. An average season, as defined by NOAA, has 6 to 14 named storms, with 4 to 8 of those reaching hurricane strength, and with 3 hurricanes becoming major hurricanes. The June 2, 1987, report suggested that eight tropical storms would form during the 1987 season, five of them becoming hurricanes.[3]

The forecast anticipated more tropical activity than what ultimately occurred. During the season, 14 tropical depressions formed from May 25 to November 5. Seven of the depressions strengthened into tropical storms, six of them named.[4] Tropical Depression Two was upgraded into a tropical storm in post-season analysis, and as a result has no name. Tropical storms Arlene, Emily and Floyd all reached hurricane status during their durations, of which only Emily reached major hurricane status.[5]

The United States was affected by four tropical cyclones in 1987, of which three struck Florida. The unnamed tropical storm struck Texas and affected much of the Gulf Coast of the United States.[6][7]

The season's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 34,[8] which is classified as "below normal".[9] ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph; 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total.[10]

Systems

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Tropical Depression Fourteen (1987)Hurricane Floyd (1987)Hurricane Emily (1987)Hurricane Arlene (1987)1987 Gulf Coast tropical stormSaffir-Simpson scale

Tropical Depression One

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Tropical depression (SSHWS)
DurationMay 24 – June 1
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1003 mbar (hPa)
See also: List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes

A low-pressure area developed into a tropical depression just east of the Turks and Caicos Islands on May 24.[11][12] Operationally, the system was declared the first tropical depression of the season on May 25, following confirmation from a reconnaissance aircraft flight.[12] Moving at about 8 mph (13 km/h), the depression was located 400 miles (640 km) from the east central Bahamas. It moved towards Florida and stalled off the coast, with a prediction to cause thundershowers across the state on May 28.[13] The Bahamian government released a storm warning for its northern islands as the system grew stronger.[14] The depression brought some heavy showers and thunderstorms to South Florida,[15] before dissipating just south of Key West on June 1.[11]

Tropical Storm Two

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Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 9 – August 17
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1007 mbar (hPa)
Main article: 1987 Gulf Coast tropical storm

The second tropical depression of the season formed in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico from a tropical wave on August 9.[16] It quickly strengthened into a tropical storm, though the strengthening was not known until post-season analysis. Based on lack of significant organization or reports at the time, the storm remained unnamed. It traveled northwestward and neared the coast. The tropical storm made landfall near High Island, Texas, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) on August 10, and quickly weakened to a tropical depression as it moved northeastward. It turned to the southeast and re-emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 15, before striking near St. Marks, Florida, on the next day. The weakening system turned back to the northeast, continued weakening, and dissipated over Georgia on August 17.[17]

The slow-moving system produced heavy rainfall along the Gulf Coast, particularly in southern Mississippi and Alabama, with just over 21 in (530 mm) of precipitation recorded in the former.[18] In Mississippi, the Biloxi and Tchoutacabouffa rivers crested at major flood stage, forcing 357 people to evacuate. Floodwaters reached 2 to 4 ft (0.61 to 1.22 m) in height along several roads and entered many homes in Jackson County. Additionally, many businesses suffered water damage in Columbia, where about 25 families also evacuated due to flooding.[19] Overall, damage from the system amounted to $7.4 million.[4]

Hurricane Arlene

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Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 10 – August 23
Peak intensity75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
987 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Arlene (1987)

A low pressure system on the tail end of a stationary cold front organized into a subtropical depression on August 8 near the South Carolina coast, and drifted southward.[20] Convection became more organized, and the storm was classified Tropical Depression Three on August 10 over the Bahamas. It executed an anticyclonic loop to the northeast, and was estimated to have attained tropical storm status on August 11, based on reports from hurricane hunters. Small cells in the ridge of high pressure caused Arlene to take an unusual track to the east, with two southward jogs in its path.[20] A trough of low pressure near Bermuda initially inhibited strengthening. However, after high pressures to its east forced the storm northward, more favorable conditions allowed Arlene to intensify into a hurricane on August 22.[21] Operationally, it was upgraded two days earlier, based on the appearance of an eye feature on satellite imagery. After becoming a hurricane, Arlene accelerated to the northeast into the cold waters of the north Atlantic Ocean, and on August 23 it became extratropical about halfway between Newfoundland and Ireland. The extratropical remnants turned to the southeast and later to the east, making landfall on the Iberian Peninsula before dissipating on August 28 over Spain.[21]

As Arlene approached, islanders of Bermuda were warned to board up windows, with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) expected.[22] Ultimately, the island experienced winds of 35 mph (60 km/h) with gusts up to 49 mph (80 km/h).[21] A blind sailor on a trip across the Atlantic was unable to make it to a harbor in Bermuda due to the hurricane, and rode out the storm in the open sea.[23] The storm produced moderate rainfall to coastal areas of Spain, contributing to a monthly rainfall record at Rota.[4][21] The 14.5 day total between the start of its best track and when it attained hurricane status is the largest on record for a North Atlantic hurricane.[24]

Tropical Depression Four

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Tropical depression (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 13 – August 15
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1011 mbar (hPa)

The fourth tropical depression of the season formed about 840 mi (1,350 km) east of Barbados early on August 13.[11] Initially, forecasters anticipated the system to intensify into a tropical storm; however, a reconnaissance mission into the depression on August 15 revealed that it was poorly organized and was declassified a tropical cyclone.[25] Tropical Depression Four peaked with sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and dissipated on August 15 about 25 mi (40 km) northeast of Anegada in the British Virgin Islands.[11]

Tropical Storm Bret

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Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 18 – August 24
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1000 mbar (hPa)

A well-organized tropical disturbance formed off the African coast on August 17 and became a tropical depression the following day, as classified by satellite imagery. Later the same day, the ship S.S. Columbus Canterrury reported 40 mph (60 km/h) winds and a pressure of 1,004 mbar (29.6 inHg), and the depression became Tropical Storm Bret.[26]

The cyclone moved a westward course of 20–25 mph (32–40 km/h) and reached its peak intensity of 50 mph (80 km/h) winds and 1,000 mbar (30 inHg) in pressure on August 20.[26] A ridge of high pressure in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, north of Bret, began to weaken and drift to the east on August 20. Bret was moving at 17 mph (27 km/h) to the east on August 21. It was thought that Bret would strengthen at this point.[27] Bret slowed from August 21 until August 23, moving at only 15–20 mph (24–32 km/h).[26]

The cyclone soon moved on a northwestward course and encountered wind shear. Bret weakened into a depression on August 23, due to the wind shear over the system. The next morning, the depression became a tropical wave with no low-level circulation left. The wave was soon absorbed by a trough of low pressure during the next few days.[26]

Tropical Depression Six

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Tropical depression (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 30 – September 2
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1006 mbar (hPa)

A tropical depression formed well west-southwest of the Cape Verde Islands on August 30.[11] Forecasters predicted would become the third tropical storm of the season.[28] At 0600 UTC August 31, the depression was seemingly unchanged, with winds of averaging about 35 mph (55 km/h). The depression was then located 950 miles (1,530 km) west of Sao Taigo in Cape Verde, stirring up 12-foot (4 m) seas.[29]

The next day, Tropical Depression Six moved westward to a position more than 1,000 mi (1,610 km) away from the Cape Verde Islands and the Lesser Antilles,[11] too far away from land for the National Hurricane Center to send a reconnaissance flight into the depression.[30] Tropical Depression Six was at the time not a threat to land and few ships were in the area.[31] The depression degenerated into a tropical wave by September 2,[11] though it was operationally considered a tropical cyclone until the following day.[32]

Tropical Storm Cindy

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Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 5 – September 10
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1000 mbar (hPa)

On September 1 a tropical wave exited the African coast, and moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean.[33] A trough of low pressure moved southeastward through the tropics, and brought the wave more towards the north. Generally favorable conditions for development allowed the wave to organize into a tropical depression on September 5, and two days later it attained tropical storm status. Cindy continued northward, and peaked at 50 mph (80 km/h) winds on September 8 before turning to the northeast. Strong upper-level shear weakened the storm, and after two days of struggling as a tropical storm, Cindy became extratropical on September 10 to the northwest of the Azores. Cindy did not affect any landmasses.[33]

Tropical Depression Eight

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Tropical depression (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 6 – September 8
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1006 mbar (hPa)

A tropical depression formed in the Caribbean on September 6.[11] It tracked westward through the body of water, and reached peak winds of 35 mph (56 km/h) on September 7.[34][35] Despite its appearance, Tropical Depression Eight failed to develop further[36] and early on September 8, the depression made landfall near Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, shortly before dissipating.[11]

Tropical Depression Nine

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Tropical depression (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 7 – September 8
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1007 mbar (hPa)

An upper-level cyclone in the northern Gulf of Mexico started tropical cyclogenesis offshore the southeast United States. Convection organized around a low-pressure area east of Florida, and it was declared Tropical Depression Nine on September 7. Initially poorly organized,[37] the depression moved generally northward without strengthening, and quickly made landfall along the coast of South Carolina. It maintained its identity as it tracked through North Carolina and the Mid-Atlantic States, and on September 10 the depression merged with a frontal wave over New England. The cyclone dropped moderate precipitation along its path, peaking at 10.23 inches (0.260 m) in central Virginia; stations in Maryland, the Carolinas, and Pennsylvania reported over 5 inches (130 mm) of rainfall.[38] Flash flood warnings were issued in some localities due to the precipitation, and in Virginia over 50 roads were washed out.[39] Slick roads caused three tractor-trailers to jackknife along a 2-mile (3.2 km) portion of the Capital Beltway. Additionally, four people required rescue assistance after being trapped in swollen creeks.[40]

Tropical Storm Dennis

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Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 8 – September 20
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1000 mbar (hPa)

A tropical depression formed on September 8 off the coast of Africa. It tracked westward, passing to the south of the Cape Verde islands, and based on satellite imagery was estimated to have reached tropical storm status on September 10. Tropical Storm Dennis continued to gradually intensify, and on September 11 attained peak winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,000 mbar (30 inHg). Subsequently, the cyclone weakened to minimal tropical storm status,[41] and by September 14, Dennis was expected to immediately weaken to tropical depression status.[42] However, Dennis remained a minimal tropical storm for four more days before deteriorating to a tropical depression on September 18, as reported by a hurricane hunters plane. The depression turned abruptly northwestward through a weakness in the subtropical ridge, suggesting a new low-pressure area developed. On September 19 it turned to the northeast, and on September 20 Dennis merged with an extratropical low.[41]

Tropical Depression Eleven

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Tropical depression (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 13 – September 17
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1008 mbar (hPa)

On September 14, a tropical depression developed about 490 miles (790 km) southeast of Antigua. Tracking westward at 5–10 mph (8.0–16.1 km/h), the depression maintained winds of about 35 mph (55 km/h),[11] and was deemed "no cause for alarm" for the Lesser Antilles.[43][44] Failing to intensify further, the depression degenerated into a tropical wave on September 17 to the east of Antigua.[11] No damage or fatalities were reported.[45]

Hurricane Emily

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Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 20 – September 26
Peak intensity125 mph (205 km/h) (1-min);
958 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Emily (1987)

A tropical depression, the tenth of the season, formed on September 20. It soon became a tropical storm that day off the South American coast. Emily quickly strengthened becoming a hurricane less than 48 hours later on September 22.[46]

The cyclone then slowly began turning north, soon making landfall in the Dominican Republic, where three people were reported dead and there was $30 million (1987 US dollars, $56.9 million in 2009 USD) in damage. Emily passed over Hispaniola, turned to the northeast, and eventually made landfall in Bermuda, where it caused $50 million (1987 USD, $94.8 million in 2009 USD) in damage, though there were no fatalities.[47] It weakened into a tropical storm after landfall, peaking at 125 miles per hour (200 km/h) in wind speed, a Category-3 hurricane.[46]

After peaking at winds of 90 miles per hour (140 km/h), Emily dissipated on September 26.[46] Thousands of migratory birds took refuge on Bermuda during the storm, including ten thousand bobolinks and thousands of Connecticut warblers. After the storm passed Bermuda, Emily became the second-fastest-moving hurricane of the previous century (behind only the 1938 New England hurricane), moving at a pace of 65 mph (105 km/h) or 31 m/s. Emily was the first hurricane in the Caribbean since Hurricane Katrina of the 1981 Atlantic hurricane season.[48]

Hurricane Floyd

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Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
DurationOctober 9 – October 13
Peak intensity75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
993 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Floyd (1987)

A broad area of low pressure organized into a tropical depression off the coast of Nicaragua on October 9. After drifting to the southeast, it turned to the north-northwest and organized into a tropical storm on October 10. Subsequent to crossing western Cuba, Floyd accelerated to the northeast, and attained hurricane status late on October 12. It passed through the Florida Keys before entraining cooler, drier air from a stationary frontal boundary.[49] Its convection became very disorganized, and Floyd weakened back to a tropical storm early on October 13 to the southeast of Miami; the storm crossed the Bahamas, and becoming an extratropical cyclone before being absorbed by the frontal boundary on October 14.[50]

Damage in Florida was minimal due to the disorganized nature of the hurricane. Floyd brought up to 10.07 in (256 mm) of rain to the state, causing moderate crop damage in the southern portion of the state.[51][52] In addition, a tornado spawned by the storm damaged portions of the Florida Keys. Overall damage amounted to around $500,000 (1987 USD), with no casualties or injuries reported.[52]

Tropical Depression Fourteen

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Tropical depression (SSHWS)
DurationOctober 31 – November 4
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1004 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Depression Fourteen (1987)

A broad area of low pressure existed in the central Caribbean in late October. It steadily organized, and was classified as Tropical Depression Fourteen on October 31. It moved northwestward, and entered a high-shear environment due to an upper-level low situated toward the end of a high pressure system. By November 1, little convection remained as the weak depression turned to the north and crossed Cuba. A burst of convection organized over the depression, and brought strong wind gusts to the Florida Keys as it passed through the area on November 2.[53] It continued to the north-northwest, paralleling the Florida west coast, and lost all of its convection on November 3. The system turned to the northeast, and merged with a weak extratropical low over northern Florida on November 4.[54]

Rainfall was experienced as far north as eastern Georgia and extreme southern South Carolina. Other parts of the United States received high to moderate rains while the aforementioned region received low amounts.[55] Six fatalities were reported from devastating rainfall in Jamaica from the depression.[4][56]

Storm names

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Main articles: Tropical cyclone naming, History of tropical cyclone naming, and List of historical tropical cyclone names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1987.[57][58] This is the same list used for the 1981 season.[59][60] No names were retired following the season,[61] so the list was used again for the 1993 season.[62]

  • Harvey (unused)
  • Irene (unused)
  • Jose (unused)
  • Katrina (unused)
  • Lenny (unused)
  • Maria (unused)
  • Nate (unused)
  • Ophelia (unused)
  • Philippe (unused)
  • Rita (unused)
  • Stan (unused)
  • Tammy (unused)
  • Vince (unused)
  • Wilma (unused)

Season effects

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This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1987 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1987 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Category Wind speed Pressure
One May 24 – June 1 Tropical depression 35 mph (55 km/h) 1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg) Bahamas, Florida None None
Unnamed August 9–17 Tropical storm 45 mph (70 km/h) 1,007 hPa (29.74 inHg) United States Gulf Coast 7.4 million None [4]
Arlene August 10–23 Category 1 hurricane 75 mph (120 km/h) 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) Bahamas, Bermuda 8,000 None [4]
Four August 13–15 Tropical depression 35 mph (55 km/h) 1,011 hPa (29.85 inHg) None None None
Bret August 18–24 Tropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) 1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Cape Verde Islands None None [4]
Six August 30 – September 2 Tropical depression 35 mph (55 km/h) 1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg) None None None
Cindy September 5–10 Tropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) 1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg) None None None [4]
Eight September 6–8 Tropical depression 35 mph (55 km/h) 1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg) Nicaragua None None
Nine September 7–8 Tropical depression 35 mph (55 km/h) 1,007 hPa (29.74 inHg) United States East Coast None None
Dennis September 8–20 Tropical storm 50 mph (80 km/h) 1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg) None None None [4]
Eleven September 13–17 Tropical depression 35 mph (55 km/h) 1,008 hPa (29.77 inHg) None None None
Emily September 20–26 Category 3 hurricane 125 mph (200 km/h) 958 hPa (28.29 inHg) Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Bermuda 80.3 million 3 [4]
Floyd October 9–13 Category 1 hurricane 75 mph (120 km/h) 993 hPa (29.32 inHg) Central America, Cuba, Florida, Bahamas 500,000 1 [4]
Fourteen October 31 – November 4 Tropical depression 35 mph (55 km/h) 1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Florida 1.8 million 6 [4]
Season aggregates
14 systems May 25 – November 4 125 mph (200 km/h) 958 hPa (28.29 inHg) 90 million 10 [4]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". National Hurricane Center. 2006. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  2. ^ a b "North Atlantic Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics". Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  3. ^ "Hurricane Death Toll May Be Much Higher". The Advocate. June 2, 1987. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Robert A. Case and Harold P. Gerrish (April 1988). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1987" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 116 (4). American Meteorological Society: 939–949. Bibcode:1988MWRv..116..939C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<0939:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  5. ^ "Hurricane Death Toll May Be Much Higher". The Frederick Post. June 2, 1988. Retrieved October 11, 2007. [dead link‍]
  6. ^ "Hurricane season ends; U.S. gets break in '87". The Advocate. December 1, 1987. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
  7. ^ "Slow '87 Hurricane Season Coming To A Quiet Close". Fort Lauderdale News & Sun-Sentinel. December 1, 1987. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
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  15. ^ "Tropical Depression Weakens". The Miami Herald. June 1, 1987. p. 5A. Retrieved May 11, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.  
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  20. ^ a b Harrold P. Gerrish (October 10, 1987). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Arlene – Page 1 – Storm History I". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
  21. ^ a b c d Harrold P. Gerrish (October 10, 1987). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Arlene – Page 2 – Storm History II, Meteorological Statistics, Impact and Conclusion". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
  22. ^ "Bermuda Boards Up For Arlene". The Miami Herald. Associated Press. August 13, 1987. p. 3A. Retrieved May 11, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.  
  23. ^ "Blind sailor to ride out storm at sea". The Miami Herald. United Press International. August 13, 1987. p. 3A. Retrieved May 11, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.  
  24. ^ NHC Hurricane Research Division (February 17, 2006). "Atlantic hurricane best track". NOAA. Archived from the original on March 16, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
  25. ^ "Depression dies out, Arlene moves on". Lakeland Ledger. August 15, 1987. p. 8B. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  26. ^ a b c d Gilbert B. Clark (September 1987). "Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Bret". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
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