Tselovalnik (Russian: целовальник, literally, "kisser", actually "sworn man"), was a common term for various officials in Muscovy elected by zemshchina (the population, as opposed to the tsardom's state apparatus[1]) in uyezds and posads in various judicial, financial and police functions.[2] The term is a contraction of the expression krestny tselovalnik, "the one who kissed the cross", in reference to the sworn oath accompanied with the kissing of the Holy Cross.
The history of this institution has two periods: before and after the Time of Troubles (early 17th century). During the former period tselovalniks acted independently, and afterwards they served under the voivodes and the officials of various prikazes.[2]
The term was first mentioned in the Sudebnik of 1497 and later in the statutory charters of Novgorod of Vasili III of Russia.[2]
Nowadays, usage of the term often refers to its 19th-century meaning: under the Russian state alcohol monopoly, vodka sellers in taverns were commonly called tselovalniks because they gave a cross-kissing oath not to dilute vodka supplied from state-controlled distilleries and to sell it according to the demand.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
- ^ a b c This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
Brockhaus & Efron cites the following sources:
- Lappo-Danilevsky, «Организация прямого обложения»
- Pavel Milyukov, «Спорные вопросы финансовой истории Московского государства»
- Boris Chicherin, «Областные учреждения в XVII веке»
- Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Gradsky, «История местного управления в России»
- Vasiliy Sergeyevich, «Русские юридические древности»
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