The Tubutulik River is a waterway in the U.S. state of Alaska. The 25-mile (40 km) long river is situated on the Seward Peninsula.[3] It flows southeastwards to the Kwiniuk Inlet at the northwestern end of Norton Bay, 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Koyuk in the Bering Sea.[1] Its Inuit name was reported as "Tubuktulik" in 1849 by Capt. Mikhail Dmitrievich Tebenkov of the Imperial Russian Navy. Exploration for placer gold occurred in the Council district area where the river valley is located, and in 1898, mining commenced. The production was substantial and ranked second only to that of Nome.[4]
| Tubutulik River | |
|---|---|
  Location of the mouth of the Tubutulik River in Alaska | |
| Etymology | Eskimo–Aleut languages |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Region | Seward Peninsula |
| District | Nome Census Area |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Bendeleben Mountains |
| • coordinates | 65°15′49″N 162°34′57″W / 65.26361°N 162.58250°W[1] |
| • elevation | 1,865 ft (568 m)[2] |
| Mouth | Kwiniuk Inlet on Norton Bay |
• location | 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Koyuk |
• coordinates | 64°44′22″N 161°53′17″W / 64.73944°N 161.88806°W[1] |
| Length | 25 mi (40 km)[3] |
Geography
editThe river is located on the Seward Peninsula of northwestern Alaska.[5] It rises from the southern flank of the Bendeleben Mountains. A geological fault was noted running from the Bendeleben Mountains to the east of the river's headwater.[6] The long waterway flows generally parallel to the mountains whereas its tributaries flow perpendicular to the mountain range. Erosion is a common phenomenon in the river valley; there are many lakes and sloughs.[7]
The first 17–18 miles (27–29 km) of Tubutulik River, like the lower course of the Fish River, is a tortuous channel through alluvial flats built out from material that it brought down from its upper course. After the flats, there is a more restricted valley with the high hills of the Cape Darby granite area to the west and the softer forms of the limestone and schist on the east. Its course passes the mouth of Chukajak Creek. Vulcan Creek and its tributaries enter the main river from the west. Vulcan Point is located on Vulcan Creek. Continuing upstream on the Tubutulik is the lower end of a narrow canyon. Above the canyon, the stream valley broadens out again into a basin of a smaller area but otherwise similar to that of Fish River and is connected with the latter by a low pass used in winter in making the overland trip from Golovnin Bay to Kotzebue Sound. The limits of this basin can be seen from the Bendeleben Mountains. A sand spit lies opposite the mouth of the river.[8]
Tubutulik River flows for the greater part of its course through the hilly region which separates the Koyuk and Fish River valleys. It rises in a group of granite mountains south of the source of the Koyuk, flows out into a small basin quite like that of Fish River, though much smaller in area, and enters the hills again at about latitude 65° 10'. From this point it continues, with many loops and bends and variations in the width of its valley, until it passes into its delta plain, 11–12 miles (18–19 km) above its mouth. Its largest tributary, Clear Creek, flows in from the southwest about 30 miles (48 km) from salt water. Other smaller branches are Vulcan, Chukajak, Admiral, Grouse, and Lost creeks. The first two of these are the only streams belonging to the Tubutulik drainage system The lower course of the river lies in a fluvial plain consisting partly of fresh-water and partly of salt-water marshes, built up by the detrital material carried by the river itself and deposited beyond its mouth in the form of mud, sand, and gravel. The river discharges into a lagoon back of a long island sand spit. This lagoon also receives at its western end the waters of Kwiniuk River.[8]
Wildlife
edit
The watershed, particularly in the Norton Sound area, is an important habitat for many species of Pacific salmon and fish species. The watershed is also a habitat for migratory birds, and caribou of the Western Arctic herd forage there.[5]
Geology
editThe drainage basin of the river has many geological formations such as a wide belt of granite crossing the Kwinium river to the south.
Gold mining in the river basin began in 1900 after panning of the surface gravels uncovered coarse gold.[7] Conglomerates were also noted in the bed of the river. Basalt formations were also recorded in the head waters between the Tubutulik River and Grouse Creek.
The radioactivity recorded in the area was tested and found to be concentrated in the Tubutulik River and its tributaries at many locations. Three areas on the Tubutulik River contain abnormal radioactivity.[9] Samples were taken from the granite rocks of the river valley including the tributaries and tested. The test results revealed radioactive uranium concentrations of more than 0.2% of equivalent uranium.[9][10]
Watershed management
editInfrastructure development within the mining area included railroads, and a port. These activities created environmental problems in the form of threat to fish and wildlife habitat.[5] The Watershed Council is currently working to remedy the situation, in association with the Native Alaskan Tribal Government and the Norton Bay Inter-Tribal Watershed Council (NBITWC).[11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Tubutulik River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. March 31, 1981. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
- ^ Derived by entering source coordinates in Google Earth.
- ^ a b Orth, Donald J.; United States Geological Survey (1971) [1967]. Dictionary of Alaska Place Names: Geological Survey Professional Paper 567 (PDF). University of Alaska Fairbanks. p. 988. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|agency=ignored (help) - ^ Smith & Eakin 1911, p. 116.
- ^ a b c "Tubutulik River Instream Flow Protection Project". Trunity.net. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Plafker, George; Hudson, Travis; Jones, DL (1978). "Upper Triassic radiolarian chert from the Kobuk volcanic sequence in the southern Brooks Range". In Johnson, Kathleen M. (ed.). The United States Geological Survey in Alaska Accomplishments during 1977. Vol. Geological Survey Circular 772-B. US Geological Survey. p. B49. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
- ^ a b SmithEakin 1911, pp. 17–18.
- ^ a b Brooks, Alfred Hulse; Collier, Arthur James; Walter Curran Mendenhall; George Burr Richardson (1901). Geological Survey (U.S.) (ed.). Reconnaissances in the Cape Nome and Norton Bay regions, Alaska, in 1900 (Public domain ed.). Government Printing Office. pp. 190, 196. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
- ^ a b Walter Scott West (1953). Reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in the Darby Mountains, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 1948. Vol. Geological Survey Circular 300. US Geological Survey. p. 16. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
- ^ International Atomic Energy Agency (2003). "Principles of Radioactivity". Guidelines for radioelement mapping using gamma ray spectrometry data (PDF). Vol. IAEA-TECDOC-1363. International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 7. ISBN 9201083033. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Concentration of Uranium estimated based on gamma ray spectrometric measurements of Bismuth-214 and Lead-214 isotopic abundances under the assumption that the Uranium decay series are in secular equilibrium.
- ^ "2013 Communities". Norton Bay Intertribal Watershed Council– Norton Bay, AK. Climate Solutions University. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Bibliography
edit
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: P.S. Smith's "A geologic reconnaissance in southeastern Seward Peninsula and the Norton Bay-Nulato region, Alaska" (1911)- This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: A.H. Brook's "Reconnaissances in the Cape Nome and Norton Bay regions, Alaska, in 1900" (1911)
- Smith, Philip Sidney; Eakin, Henry Miner (1911). A geologic reconnaissance in southeastern Seward Peninsula and the Norton Bay-Nulato region, Alaska. Government Printing Office. pp. 115–116. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
