The Ty5 is a type of retrotransposon native to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae organism.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae retrotransposon Ty5
editTy5 is one of five [1] endogenous retrotransposons native to the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, all of which target integration to gene poor regions. Endogenous retrotransposons are hypothesized to target gene poor chromosomal targets in order to reduce the chance of inactivating host genes.[2] Ty1-Ty4 integrate upstream of Pol III promoters, while Ty5 targets integration to loci bound in heterochromatin.[3] In the case of Ty5, this likely occurs by means of an interaction between the C-terminus of integrase and a target protein.[4] The tight targeting patterns seen for the Ty elements are thought to be a means to limit damage to its host, which has a very gene dense genome.[5] Ty5 was discovered in the mid 1990s in the laboratory of Daniel Voytas at Iowa State University.[6] Ty5 is used as a model system by which to understand the biology of the telomere and heterochromatin. The Ty5 retrotransposon is used as a genetic model to study the architecture and dynamics of the telomeres and heterochromatin.[7]
Yeast heterochromatin and Ty5.
editHeterochromatin in S. cerevisiae is composed of a wide array of proteins and plays several roles. The first stage of heterochromatin formation requires DNA binding proteins, which interact with specific cis DNA sequences at the telomeres, rDNA and HM loci. These proteins, including Rap1p and the origin recognition complex (ORC), serve as a platform for other proteins to bind, condense the DNA, and modify neighboring histones. Some of these proteins, notably Rap1p, also play other roles, including initiation of transcription. The first known step in the formation of dedicated heterochromatin is the binding of Sir4p to Rap1p (Luo, Vega-Palas et al. 2002). Sir4p is one of four ‘Silent Information Regulator’ proteins that also include Sir1p, Sir2p and Sir3p. Of these, Sir2p, Sir3p and Sir4p form the core of heterochromatin.[8] Sir4p serves as a binding site for Sir2p, which is the next to bind. Sir2p deacetylates adjacent histones, which is thought to further condense the chromatin and prevent the binding of other transcription promoting histone modification enzymes.[9] Sir3p binding follows, further condensing the heterochromatin. Sir1p plays a role in the initiation of silencing at the HM loci. A large number of other proteins act in both a synergistic and antagonistic manner.[10]
Early work characterizing Ty5 targeted transposition focused on two fronts: identifying the component of Ty5 responsible for targeting and identifying the factor with which it interacted. Due to the central role of the Sir proteins in heterochromatin formation, they were initially considered as potential targeting signals. Because integration is mediated by the retrotransposon integrase enzyme, it was speculated to contain a component that would recognize heterochromatin. The C-terminus of the Ty retrotransposon’s integrase contains an extension not seen in the retroviruses. This region is also not conserved between Ty1 and Ty5, whereas the rest of the integrase is, suggesting that this divergence could be responsible for the different targeting of the yeast Ty elements. A mutation was identified in the integrase C-terminus that randomized Ty5 integration, suggesting that this region of integrase was in fact involved in targeted transposition.[4]
Implications for human health and disease
editTy5 is a relative of the Retroviridae family of retroviruses, which includes the human pathogen HIV. Ty5 is a tractable system in which to study the biology of retrovirus integration.
References
edit- ^ Kim JM, Vanguri S, Boeke JD, Gabriel A, Voytas DF (May 1998). "Transposable elements and genome organization: a comprehensive survey of retrotransposons revealed by the complete Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome sequence". Genome Res. 8 (5): 464–78. doi:10.1101/gr.8.5.464. PMID 9582191.
- ^ Lesage P, Todeschini AL (2005). "Happy together: the life and times of Ty retrotransposons and their hosts". Cytogenet. Genome Res. 110 (1–4): 70–90. doi:10.1159/000084940. PMID 16093660. S2CID 40913336.
- ^ Sandmeyer SB, Hansen LJ, Chalker DL (1990). "Integration specificity of retrotransposons and retroviruses". Annu. Rev. Genet. 24: 491–518. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.002423. PMID 1965102.
- ^ a b Gai X, Voytas DF (June 1998). "A single amino acid change in the yeast retrotransposon Ty5 abolishes targeting to silent chromatin". Mol. Cell. 1 (7): 1051–5. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80105-7. PMID 9651588.
- ^ Zagulski M, Herbert CJ, Rytka J (1998). "Sequencing and functional analysis of the yeast genome". Acta Biochim. Pol. 45 (3): 627–43. doi:10.18388/abp.1998_4201. PMID 9918489.
- ^ Zou S, Wright DA, Voytas DF (January 1995). "The Saccharomyces Ty5 retrotransposon family is associated with origins of DNA replication at the telomeres and the silent mating locus HMR". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (3): 920–4. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92..920Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.3.920. PMC 42732. PMID 7846079.
- ^ Zou S, Kim JM, Voytas DF (December 1996). "The Saccharomyces retrotransposon Ty5 influences the organization of chromosome ends". Nucleic Acids Res. 24 (23): 4825–31. doi:10.1093/nar/24.23.4825. PMC 146320. PMID 8972872.
- ^ Rine J, Herskowitz I (May 1987). "Four genes responsible for a position effect on expression from HML and HMR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Genetics. 116 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1093/genetics/116.1.9. PMC 1203125. PMID 3297920.
- ^ Tanner KG, Landry J, Sternglanz R, Denu JM (December 2000). "Silent information regulator 2 family of NAD- dependent histone/protein deacetylases generates a unique product, 1-O-acetyl-ADP-ribose". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (26): 14178–82. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9714178T. doi:10.1073/pnas.250422697. PMC 18891. PMID 11106374.
- ^ Pryde FE, Louis EJ (November 1997). "Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomeres. A review". Biochemistry Mosc. 62 (11): 1232–41. PMID 9467847.