USS Reuben James (DD-245) was a four-funnel Clemson-class destroyer that was constructed after World War I. She was the first United States Navy ship to be named after Boatswain's Mate Reuben James (c. 1776–1838), who had distinguished himself fighting in the First Barbary War, and was the first US Naval ship to be sunk by hostile action in the European Theater of World War II. Four US flagged merchant ships were also sunk by hostile action before Pearl Harbor.
_on_29_April_1939.jpg) USS Reuben James on 29 April 1939
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 United States | |
| Name | Reuben James |
| Namesake | Reuben James |
| Builder | New York Shipbuilding |
| Laid down | 2 April 1919 |
| Launched | 4 October 1919 |
| Commissioned | 24 September 1920 |
| In service | 24 September 1920 |
| Out of service | 31 October 1941 |
| Stricken | 25 March 1942 |
| Fate | Sunk by U-552 in the North Atlantic Ocean, 31 October 1941[1] 51°59′N 27°05′W / 51.983°N 27.083°W |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Clemson-class destroyer |
| Displacement | 1,215 long tons (1,234 t) |
| Length | 314 ft 5 in (95.83 m) |
| Beam | 31 ft 8 in (9.65 m) |
| Draft | 9 ft 4 in (2.84 m) |
| Installed power | 26,500 shp (19,800 kW) |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 35 kn (40 mph; 65 km/h) |
| Range | 4,900 nmi (5,600 mi; 9,100 km) at 15 kn (17 mph; 28 km/h) |
| Complement | 159 officers and enlisted |
| Armament |
|
Reuben James was laid down on 2 April 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden, New Jersey, launched on 4 October 1919, and commissioned on 24 September 1920. The destroyer was sunk by a torpedo attack from German submarine U-552 near Iceland on 31 October 1941,[1] resulting in the deaths of 100 crewmembers, before the United States had joined the war.
Early service history
editAssigned to the US Atlantic Fleet, Reuben James served in the Mediterranean Sea from 1921 to 1922 after she had left from Newport, Rhode Island, on 30 November 1920, to Zelenika, Yugoslavia, and arrived on 18 December. During the spring and the summer of 1921, she sailed in the Adriatic Sea and the Mediterranean out of Zelenika and Gruz (Dubrovnik), Yugoslavia and assisted refugees and participated in postwar investigations. In October 1921 at Le Havre, she joined the protected cruiser Olympia at ceremonies marking the return of the Unknown Soldier to the United States. At Danzig, from 29 October 1921 to 3 February 1922, she assisted the American Relief Administration in its efforts to relieve hunger and misery. After duty in the Mediterranean, she departed Gibraltar on 17 July.[1]
Then based at New York City, she patrolled the coast of Nicaragua to prevent the delivery of weapons to revolutionaries in early 1926. During the spring of 1929, she participated in fleet maneuvers that helped develop naval airpower. She was decommissioned at Philadelphia on 20 January 1931. She was recommissioned on 9 March 1932, and started operating again in the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea by patrolling Cuban waters during the coup by Fulgencio Batista. She transferred to San Diego in 1934. After maneuvers that evaluated aircraft carriers, she returned to the Atlantic Fleet in January 1939.[1]
World War II
editAt the beginning of World War II in Europe in September 1939, the Reuben James was assigned to the Neutrality Patrol, which guarded the Atlantic and the Caribbean approaches to the American coast. In March 1941, she joined the force established to escort convoys sailing to Great Britain. The force escorted convoys as far as Iceland, after which the convoys became the responsibility of British escorts. The force was based at Hvalfjörður, Iceland, and commanded by Lieutenant Commander Heywood Lane Edwards, the commander of the USS Reuben James.[1] On 23 October she sailed from Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland, with four other destroyers, escorting eastbound Convoy HX 156.[2]
Sinking
editAt dawn on 31 October 1941, she was torpedoed near Iceland[3] by German submarine U-552 commanded by Kapitänleutnant Erich Topp. Reuben James had positioned herself between an ammunition ship in the convoy and the known position of a German "wolfpack," a group of submarines poised to attack the convoy. The destroyer was not flying the ensign of the United States and was in the process of dropping depth charges on another U-boat when she was engaged.[4] Reuben James was hit forward by a torpedo meant for a merchant ship and her entire bow was blown off when a magazine exploded. The bow sank immediately. The aft section floated for five minutes before going down. Of a crew of seven officers and 136 enlisted men, plus one enlisted passenger, 100 were killed. Only 44 enlisted men and no officers survived.[1][3]
Convoys escorted
edit| Convoy | Escort Group | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ON 20 | 30 September–9 October 1941[5] | from Iceland to Newfoundland prior to US declaration of war | |
| HX 156 | 24–31 October 1941[6] | from Newfoundland to Iceland prior to US declaration of war; sunk by U-552 |
Awards
edit- Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal
- American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp and "A" device
In popular culture
editMusic
edit- Woody Guthrie wrote the song "The Sinking of the Reuben James"[7] and performed it with Pete Seeger and the other Almanac Singers. The Guthrie song has an original tune for its chorus, but its verses are set to the tune of the song "Wildwood Flower". Seeger later also performed the song with The Weavers.
- Johnny Horton performed Guthrie's song on his album Johnny Horton Makes History.[8]
- The Kingston Trio released a version of Guthrie's song on numerous albums.[9]
- The Chad Mitchell Trio released a version of Guthrie's song on the album Reflecting.[10]
Stamps
edit- The United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp in 1991 as part of the set WWII, 1941: A World at War.[11]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e f "Reuben James". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 25 September 2005. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ Doherty, Richard (2015). Churchill's Greatest Fear: The Battle of the Atlantic, 3 September 1939 to 7 May 1945. Barnsley, South Yorkshire England: Pen & Sword Military. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-47383-400-2.
- ^ a b Larrabee, Eric (1987). Commander In Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-59114-455-7.
- ^ Mitcham, Samuel; Mitcham, Carl (2012). Hitler's Commanders: Officers of the Wehrmacht, the Luftwaffe, the Kriegsmarine and the Waffen SS. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-4422-1153-7.
- ^ "ON convoys". Andrew Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ "HX convoys". Arnold Hague Convoy Database. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ Klein, Joe (1980). Woody Guthrie: A Life. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-50152-9.
- ^ "Johnny Horton Makes History Original Recording Remastered". Amazon. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ "Kingston Trio Greatest Hits". Amazon. 1991. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- ^ "Chad Mitchell – Singin' Our Mind/Reflecting CD". 7 October 2003. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
- ^ Sinking of Reuben James U.S. Stamp Gallery.
References
edit- Wright, Christopher C. (1986). "The U.S. Fleet at the New York World's Fair, 1939: Some Photographs from the Collection of the Late William H. Davis". Warship International. XXIII (3): 273–285. ISSN 0043-0374.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.- "Survivor Tells of Reuben James Sinking at Sea". St. Petersburg Times: St Petersburg, Florida. 25 November 1941.
- "44 Members of Crew Saved off of Sunken U.S. Destroyer". The Evening Citizen: Ottawa, Ontario. 1 November 1941.
- "Reuben James Hit in Atlantic Convoy Battle"[permanent dead link]. The Milwaukee Journal: Milwaukee. 31 October 1941.
External links
edit- National Archives site with photo
- "USS REUBEN JAMES (DD-245)". navsource.org. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- Location of the sinking of the Reuben James on uboat.net