Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil (also known as "Eighteen Rabbit" or "Waxaklajuun Ub'aah K'awiil"[2]), was the 13th ajaw or ruler of the powerful Maya polity associated with the site of Copán in modern Honduras (its Classic Maya name was probably Oxwitik[3]). He ruled from January 2, 695, to May 3, 738.
| Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil | |
|---|---|
| Ajaw | |
 Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil's portrait on Stela H[1] | |
| King of Copán | |
| Reign | 9 July 695 - 3 May 738 |
| Predecessor | Chan Imix Kʼawiil |
| Successor | Kʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil |
| Born | 675 Copán |
| Died | 3 May 738 (aged 62–63) Quiriguá |
| Issue | Kʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil |
| House | Yax Kuk Mo Dynasty |
| Father | Chan Imix Kʼawiil |
| Religion | Maya religion |
Etymology
editHis name translates as "Eighteen are the Faces (or Images) of K'awiil" and is a reference to the many forms that the Maya god K'awiil (a god of power, creation, and lightning) could take.[4]
History
editUaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil ascended to the throne of Copan upon the death of the 12th ruler in the line of the founder, Smoke Imix, in 695. He began his reign with the construction of the Esmeralda Structure in order to entomb the remains of Smoke Imix. This ritually terminated the adjacent ancient temple of Papagayo constructed 250 years earlier by the celebrated Ruler 2, son of Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ.[5] He later constructed the original hieroglyphic stairway on the east side of the Esmeralda Structure. A passage on the stairway commemorates its construction 15 years after the death of Smoke Imix.[6]
Architecture
edit
Based on the number of structures and monuments constructed during his reign, Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil is considered the greatest patron of the arts in Copan's history. This period was characterized by a deep, florid relief, which represents the culmination of the sculptural tradition of Copan.
The living mountain
editThe reign of Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil saw the construction of several structures, some of which were lost to erosion by the Copan River. The most impressive of these is Structure 10L-22, which represents a sacred man-made mountain. The inner chamber of 10L-22 was likely central in the performance of auto-sacrificial bloodletting rituals. The corners of the structure are decorated with stone masks, textually labeled as 'stone mountain'.[6] The entrance was carved in the likeness of an arching Celestial Monster,[7] representing the mouth of a cave and a symbolic entrance into the earth.[6]
Ballcourt
edit
The final architectural achievement of Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil was Ballcourt A-III. It is one of the most imposing Mesoamerican ballcourts in the region, surpassed only by that of Chichen Itza. It is remarkable for the sloping benches used by players of the game, and by six macaw markers, the function of which is not completely resolved. Many of the stone macaws associated with the ballcourt wear the sign for darkness, akbal, on their tails. The macaw is typically symbolic of the sun, so these akbal macaws may be symbolic of sun in the Underworld. This could make the players symbolic combatants in the battle between light and dark.[6] The inclined benches of the ballcourt are inscribed with hieroglyphic text, one of these being the commemoration date. It was dedicated in 738, only 113 days before Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil's death.
Sculpture
editBetween 711 and 736, Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil commissioned the construction of seven monuments. Stelas C, F, 4, H, A, B, and D (erected in that order) represent one of the greatest achievements in Classic Maya sculpture.[9] Each stela depicts Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil in ritual pose, with a two-headed centipede bar clasped to his chest. The text of Stela A proclaims that Copan ranked with three other kingdoms, Calakmul, Palenque, and Tikal, as the four great polities of the Maya World.
Death and aftermath
editBeheading
editUaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil was captured and beheaded by Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat, ruler of the small polity of Quirigua, on May 3, 738. Quirigua was a vassal of Copan, founded by a subordinate of Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ in 426.[5] Though only about one-tenth the size of Copan, it was an important location controlling the Motagua River trade route. About 35 years into his reign, Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil presided over the accession of Kʼak Tiliw Chan Yopaat, who was to be subject to Copan's authority. In 734 on Altar M at Quirigua, Kʼak Tiliw Chan Yopaat gives himself the title kʼuhul ajaw, thus declaring Quirigua's independence from Copan. In 738, a date given conspicuous prominence in Quirigua's monuments, Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat captured and beheaded Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil. This event is recorded on Quirigua's monuments as an 'ax event', referring to the beheading of Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil. The only reference at Copan is on the Hieroglyphic Stairway, recording the death of Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil by 'flint and shield'.[5] There is no evidence of a large-scale battle at or around Copan during the 730's, suggesting that Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil was captured abroad.
Political implications
editIt is unlikely that a polity only one-tenth the size of Copan could overthrow centuries of regional hegemony by acting alone. Stela I at Quirigua states that in 736, two years before Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil's defeat and two years after the inscription declaring Quirigua's independence, Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat hosted a delegation from the polity of Calakmul, including its ruler Wamaw Kʼawiil.[5] This suggests that Calakmul played a role in Copan's defeat, possibly even providing the armed forces necessary to overpower a polity the size of Copan. Calakmul's possible motives include control of important trade routes, but more importantly striking a blow against its rival polity Tikal, Copan's greatest ally.
Aftermath
editThe effects of Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil's death were profound. After an era of unprecedented architectural and sculptural achievement, no new structures or monuments were erected for 18 years after Copan's defeat. Kʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil succeeded Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil as ruler of Copan, but his was likely under Kʼak Tiliw Chan Yopaat's jurisdiction. Inscriptions at Quirigua name Kʼak Tiliw Chan Yopaat as the 14th ruler in the line of the founder, a possible reference to him as successor of Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kawiil. At the very least, the loss of the Quirigua trade routes would have meant a substantial economic and political setback.[5]
Notes
edit- ^ Martin & Grube 2000, p.203.
- ^ "NOVA | Transcripts | Lost King of the Maya | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
- ^ Stuart 1996.
- ^ Fitzsimmons, James L. (2024-10-03). "Centuries ago, the Maya storm god Huracán taught that when we damage nature, we damage ourselves". The Conversation. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
- ^ a b c d Fash 2001.
- ^ Shele 1990.
- ^ a b Martin & Grube 2000
- ^ Martin 2008.
References
edit- Coe, Michael D. (1999). The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series (6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28066-5. OCLC 59432778.
- Fash, William L. (2001). Scribes, Warriors, and Kings (Revised ed.). London.: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28282-X.
- Martin, Simon; Nikolai Grube (2000). Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05103-8. OCLC 47358325.
- Martin, Simon; Nikolai Grube (2008). Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500287262.
- Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.
- Schele, Linda; David Freidel (1990). A Forest of Kings (First ed.). New York, NY: William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-688-07456-1.
- Stuart, David (1996). "Hieroglyphs and History at Copán". Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2011-01-19.