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Kanamarí, or Katukina-Kanamari, is a Katukinan language spoken by about 650 individuals in Amazonas, Brazil. It is considered endangered.
| Kanamarí | |
|---|---|
| Katukina-Kanamari | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Amazonas |
| Ethnicity | 3,340 (2006–2008)[1] |
Native speakers | 1,300 (2006)[1] |
Harákmbut–Katukinan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:knm – Kanamarikav – Katukina |
| Glottolog | kana1291 |
| ELP | Dyapá |
The two principal varieties, Kanamari (Canamarí) and Katukina (Catuquina), are mutually intelligible, and have both been confused with neighboring languages with the same or similar names.[2]
Synonyms and dialect names include Tshom-djapa, Tsohon-djapa, Wiri-dyapá, Pidá-dyapá, Kutiá-dyapá (Kadiu-diapa, Cutiadapa), Tucun-diapa, Bendiapa, Parawa.
Etymology
editThe term Katukina is derived from the Proto-Purus term *ka-tukanɨ, meaning 'speaker of an indigenous language'.[3] As a result, it is used to refer to a few different unrelated languages belonging to separate language families, including Panoan and Arawakan:
- Katukina (Arawakan)
- Katukína (Panoan)
- Catuquinarú (unclassified)
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Fricative | h | |||||
| Approximant | l | |||||
An alveolar lateral consonant /l/ may be realized as a retroflex lateral [ɭ]. A velar nasal [ŋ] sound is often heard when following after nasal vowels. A glottal stop [ʔ] can be heard before word-initial vowels. A word-final /k/ may also sound unreleased [k̚].
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| High | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː | |
| Low | a aː | |||
/i/ and /u/ may be realized as approximant sounds [j] and [w], when preceding another vowel.[4]
Grammar
editThe syntax of Kanamarí is characterized by ergative–absolutive alignment.[5] The absolutive argument (i.e. the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs) is unmarked for case, and usually appears following the verb phrase.
tyuku
die
wa:pa
dog
'The dog died.'
no-ti
2.SG.GEN-kill
paiko
grandfather
'You killed grandfather.'
If the absolutive argument is a pronoun, it is represented by its free-standing form.
ki:tan
sleep
idi:k
2.SG
'You slept.'
The ergative argument (i.e. the agent of transitive verbs) is marked for genitive case. If the agent is a pronoun, it is represented by a genitive prefix (as in no-ti paiko 'you killed grandfather' above). If the agent is a full noun, it is linked to the verb with the case marker na, which phonologically attaches to the verb:
pi:da
jaguar
na=ti
GEN=kill
paiko
grandfather
'The jaguar killed grandfather.'
References
edit- ^ a b Kanamari at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Katukina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Harald Hammarström (2013) Review of the Ethnologue, 16th Ed.
- ^ Carvalho 2019.
- ^ dos Anjos 2011.
- ^ Queixalós 2010.
- Queixalós, Francesc (2010). "Grammatical relations in Katukina-Kanamari". In Gildea, Spike; Queixalós, Francesc (eds.). Ergativity in Amazonia. pp. 235–284. doi:10.1075/tsl.89.10que.
- dos Anjos, Zoraide (2011). Fonologia e Gramática Katukina-Kanamari [Katukina-Kanamari Phonology and Grammar] (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- Queixalós, Francesc (2012). "The Katukina-Kanamari antipassive". In Authier, Gilles; Haude, Katharina (eds.). Ergativity, Valency and Voice. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 227–258.
- Carvalho, Fernando Orphão de Carvalho (2019). "On the Etymology of the Ethnonym Katukina". Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas. 2 (1).