In proportional representation (PR) electoral systems, an underhang seat is a seat that becomes vacant because the party that was entitled to it by virtue of its share of the total votes cast was unable to fill it through having submitted too few candidates.
Explanation
editUnder party-list proportional representation systems, parties receive a number of seats in proportion to the number of votes they received.[citation needed] If a party does not have enough people to fill its vacancies, there is an underhang. For example, if a party wins enough votes for ten seats, but only has seven people nominated on its list, then there is an underhang of three seats.
A way of dealing with underhangs is to allow the party to nominate additional people to become MPs. However, parties with underhangs usually are not entitled to retroactively add to their list, and lose the potential seats represented by the underhang. Parties aim to avoid the problem by having a substantially larger list than they would hope to win as seats.
Examples
editIf New Zealand's 99 MP Party (whose stated manifesto was to reduce the size of parliament) had received five percent of the vote in the 2005 New Zealand general election, they would have been entitled to six seats within the 120-seat House of Representatives. But because they had just two people on their list,[1] they would have filled only two seats. The House would thus have shrunk by four MPs. Since the party received only 0.03% of the vote, this eventuality was avoided.
The issue of an underhang returned at the 2023 New Zealand general election. Due to a missed deadline, Liz Gunn's New Zealand Loyal party only managed to register two candidates on their party list,[2] meaning that if they had exceeded the five percent threshold required to enter parliament (without winning an electorate), it would have resulted in four empty seats in the resulting parliament.[3] Much like the 99 MP party before them, they failed to be elected, receiving just 1.2% of the vote, far short of the required minimum.[4]
In the Scottish Parliament an underhang seat was caused by the death of Margo MacDonald in 2014. As she was elected as a regional list MSP as an independent (effectively the sole candidate of "the Margo party") her seat was left vacant until the next election.[5]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "99 MP party list", NZ Herald, 24 August 2005, retrieved 3 February 2024
- ^ Mitchell, Charlie (19 September 2023), "Liz Gunn's party fails to register nearly all candidates", Waikato Times, archived from the original on 9 October 2023, retrieved 3 February 2024
- ^ Harrowell, Chris (28 September 2023), "Major error impacts minor party's candidates list – Times", The Times (NZ), archived from the original on 6 October 2023, retrieved 3 February 2024,
(NZ Electoral Commission statement) If NZ Loyal won over five per cent of the party vote, or an electorate seat, they would be allocated seats in Parliament on the basis of their share of the party vote. But if there are insufficient list candidates then the remaining seats aren't filled and remain vacant.
- ^ "2023 General Election – Official Result". Electoral Commission. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ Carrell, Severin (4 April 2014), "Scottish politician Margo MacDonald dies aged 70", The Guardian, archived from the original on 4 April 2023, retrieved 3 February 2024