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United States and the League of Nations

Despite the United States never becoming an official member of the League of Nations, American individuals and organizations interacted with the League throughout its existence.

28th US President Woodrow Wilson was the leading architect of the League of Nations.

Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles

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The American President, Woodrow Wilson, was involved in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 at the conclusion of World War I. At this conference, Wilson played a key role along with other powers in fashioning the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. His ideas surrounding a postwar world order were earlier expressed in his Fourteen Points, and these were discussed in the series of discussions held. One of the key features of the agreement that Wilson campaigned for was the establishment of an international body which would work to maintain the political freedom and independence of nations all around the world.[1] This organization developed into the League of Nations, however, the American nation ultimately decided against becoming a formal member.[2]

Non-membership of the League of Nations

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Despite Woodrow Wilson chairing the committee which drafted the Treaty of Versailles Covenant, America voted against becoming official members of the League of Nations in 1919.[3][4] Historians have explored a variety of reasons as to why exactly the Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versailles, naming the hostility between President Wilson and Republican senator, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Wilson's declining health as key explanations.[5] Jacobsen states that "the rejection also should be seen in the context of the long-standing American ambivalence about involvement in international politics."[3] Furthermore, the United States would never become a member of the League of Nations, as a two-thirds majority was never granted in the Senate.[5] As a result, the dynamic between members of the League, and between the US and these nations was influenced. Henig explains this by suggesting that the absence of the United States as an official member of the League "widened the gulf between Britain and France."[6]

League of Nations organization and non-state actors

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Despite the United States' lack of formal membership, the United States was involved in various League related projects and organizations.[4][7][8] They were involved in various sectors:

American citizens were employed at the secretariat; American academics contributed to League-sponsored research projects; American philanthropies financially supported these same economic projects, and American representatives from the banking and financial communities sat on its economic and financial committees.[9]

A notable American organization involved with the League of Nations was the Rockefeller Foundation, as many of its goals and aspirations were similar to those of the League. It was involved in the international economic section of the League and made considerable contributions to it during the 1930s.[10]

Involvement in the Manchurian Crisis

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The United States was involved with the League of Nations in resolving the Manchurian Crisis.[11]

Debates surrounding the United States' policy of isolationism in international affairs during the 1920s and 1930s have been held since contemporary politicians were making these decisions. However, according to Thompson, it was the Manchurian Crisis of 1931-1932 that made Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson support the position that isolationism was no longer an option for the United States.[12] Despite the American emphasize on their individuality from the League of Nations, a commission of inquiry sent to Japan in February 1932 was representative of the great powers, including the United States.[13] They had agreed to work collaboratively with the League to bring an end to the situation, however, they would "only operate under the Washington agreements of 1922 and the Kellogg-Briand Pact."[14]

Transition into the United Nations

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The American absence in the League of Nations did not prevent the nation from becoming an official member of the United Nations, formed at the conclusion of the Second World War. The United States was one of five permanent members of the Supreme Council, with the other four countries the USSR, France, Nationalist China, and Britain.[15] The proposed task of this body was "to work together to secure the maintenance of international peace and security."[15]

The membership of the United States and the USSR in the United Nations is a key difference between the post-World War II international organization and the League of Nations. According to Henig, the official involvement of the United States "gave the United Nations a global reach which the League lacked, symbolised by the fact that its headquarters was established in New York."[16]

References

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  1. ^ Jacobsen, Harold (1976). "Structuring the Global System: American Contributions to International Organization". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 428 (1): 77–90. doi:10.1177/000271627642800108. S2CID 145194312.
  2. ^ Burkman, Thomas W. (2008). Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914-1938. Honolulu. pp. 101. ISBN 9780824829827.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ a b Jacobsen, Harold (1976). "Structuring the Global System: American Contributions to International Organization". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 482 (1): 82.
  4. ^ a b Hudson, Manley O. (1929). "America's Rôle in the League of Nations". American Political Science Review. 23 (1): 17–31. doi:10.2307/1945577. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1945577. S2CID 145589567.
  5. ^ a b Thompson, John A. (2015). A Sense of Power: The Roots of America's Global Role. London. pp. 98. ISBN 9780801447891.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Henig, Ruth (2010). The League of Nations. London. p. 76.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Berdahl, Clarence A. (1932). "Relations of the United States with the Assembly of the League of Nations". American Political Science Review. 26 (1): 99–112. doi:10.2307/1946445. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1946445. S2CID 146977005.
  8. ^ Berdahl, Clarence A. (1932). "Relations of the United States with the Council of the League of Nations". American Political Science Review. 26 (3): 497–526. doi:10.2307/1946469. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1946469. S2CID 147261268.
  9. ^ Lavelle, Kathryn (2007). "Exit, Voice, and Loyalty in International Organizations: US Involvement in the League of Nations". The Review of International Organizations. 2 (4): 372. doi:10.1007/s11558-007-9015-0. S2CID 154510367.
  10. ^ Lavelle, Kathryn (2007). "Exit, Voice, and Loyalty in International Organizations: US Involvement in the League of Nations". The Review of International Organizations. 2 (4): 377–380. doi:10.1007/s11558-007-9015-0. S2CID 154510367.
  11. ^ Wallace, Benjamin B. (1945). "International Affairs: How the United States "Led the League" in 1931". The American Political Science Review. 39 (1): 101–116. doi:10.2307/1948836. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1948836. S2CID 147572216.
  12. ^ Thompson, John A. (2015). A Sense of Power: The Roots of America's Global Role. London. pp. 137. ISBN 9780801447891.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Burkman, Thomas W. (2008). Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914-1938. Honolulu. pp. 168. ISBN 9780824829827.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ Henig, Ruth (2010). The League of Nations. London. p. 141.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ a b Henig, Ruth (2010). The League of Nations. London. p. 183.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ Henig, Ruth (2010). The League of Nations. London. p. 185.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

See also

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