The Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah was a Kurdish uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1879 and Qajar Iran between 1880 and 1881. Both uprising were led by Sheikh Ubeydullah, the leader of the Semdinan Naqshbandi family who claimed descendance from Mohammed through his daughter Fatima.[1] Thus the family had a considerable influence, disposed over large amounts of donations,[2] owned several villages in the region[1] and many Kurdish tribal leaders were devout followers of him.[3] The initial cause for the uprisings were the outcome of the Russo-Turkish war in 1877-78 and the Treaty of Berlin[4] which provided the Christian Armenians and the Nestorian Assyrians with considerable rights and autonomy, to which he did not agree to.[4]
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 Ottoman Empire Persia | ||||||
Uprising against the Ottoman Empire
editThe possibility of a first uprising against the Ottoman Empire was given when the Herki tribe had a dispute with the Kaymakam of Yüksekova in 1879.[5] Sheikh Ubeydullah sent out messengers to several Kurdish chieftains in order to gain their support and troops for an uprising against the Ottoman Empire. He managed to raise a small contingent of nine hundred tribes men which was led by his son Abdulkadir Ubeydullah onto Amadiya.[5] But the Ottomans were informed by a rival Kurdish chieftain ahead of the uprising, and therefore deployed troops to Amadya as well.[5] The uprising failed and was quickly subdued by the Ottomans. The Kurdish chieftains were not as trustworthy as hoped by Sheikh Ubeydullah, and preferred to expand their own areas of influence with raids.[2] Sheikh Ubeydullah then also changed his mind and reassured the Sultan of his loyalty.[2] The Ottomans reacted very to the Sheikhs pleasure, removed the Kaymakam of Yüksekova and encouraged him very cordially to find an agreement with the local Ottoman authorities.[5]
Uprising against the Qajar Empire
editPreparations
editAs Ubeydullah prepared for an uprising against Iran, he relied on the support of the Ottomans.[6] Sheikh Ubeydullah's troops still possessed weapons they received from the Ottomans during the Russo-Turkish war.[6] For a while, Christian Assyrians supported the uprising because it was presented as a way to protect them from raids by Kurdish bandits, which neither the Ottomans or the Iranians were able or willing to prevent.[4] In September 1880, Ubeydullah wrote to Joseph Cochrane, elaborating what the Qajar Empire had done to upset Kurdish tribes.[7] In August 1880, the decision for an uprising was taken after a meeting of about 220 Kurdish chieftains.[8] The forces of Sheikh Ubeydullah were well equipped, they had a large number of breech loading Martini rifles.[9]
Uprising
edit80,000 rebels charged against the Iranians and initially the uprising was a success.[8] Ubeydullah's troops were deployed into three separate forces, of which his sons led the first two. The first force heading to Mahabad was led by Abdulkadir Ubeydullah, the second force heading to Marageh was led by Siddiq Ubeydullah, and the third force of 5,000 men were led by, his brother in law, Sheikh Muhammad Said.[9] Iranian soldiers were not well-equipped like the rebels,[10] who soon occupied Mahabad and Maragheh. The capture of Tabriz was a failure, so instead the rebels looted captured territories.[8] In the first two weeks of the uprising, Sheikh Ubeydullah fought in battles and attempted to seize Urmia. The city's Shia population refused to surrender to the Sunni rebels, who in the end couldn't capture it.[11]
Abdulkadir Ubeydullah and his force retreated to Mahabad, which they held for a few days, because of Qajar forces coming from Tabriz.[12] After eight weeks, the Kurdish rebels retreated and Sheikh Ubeydullah returned to Nehri.[13] Eventually, Ubeydullah travelled to Istanbul asking the Ottomans for diplomatic support. Following his travel, the Ottomans began extensive negotiations with the Qajars on how to solve the conflict. Despite his rebellion against them in 1879, the Ottomans didn't want to loose the possibility of assistance from Sheikh Ubeydullah's troops in an eventual war against the Qajars in the future.[8] After all, Sheikh Ubeydullah was able to raise a considerable number of troops.[8] Both the Ottomans and the Qajars demanded reparations from the other side due to their losses they experienced from Ubeydullah's rebellions.[8]
Aftermath
editIn August 1882, Sheikh Ubeydullah lost hopes for negotiating his peoples’ independence, and left Istanbul to return to his hometown Nehri.[8] The Ottomans ordered the capture of Sheikh Ubeydullah in October 1882,[8] as a result of pressure from the European powers, due to Ubeydullah's treatment of the Christian Nestorians.[14] After his capture, he was brought to Istanbul and then exiled to Hejaz.[15]
Legacy
editIn the words of Kurdologist and Iranologist Garnik Asatrian:[16]
In the recent period of Kurdish history, a crucial point is defining the nature of the rebellions from the end of the 19th and up to the 20th century―from Sheikh Ubaydullah’s revolt to Simko’s (Simitko) mutiny. The overall labelling of these events as manifestations of the Kurdish national-liberation struggle against Turkish or Iranian suppressors is an essential element of the Kurdish identity-makers’ ideology. (...) With the Kurdish conglomeration, as I said above, far from being a homogeneous entity―either ethnically, culturally, or linguistically (see above, fn. 5; also fn. 14 below)―the basic component of the national doctrine of the Kurdish identity-makers has always remained the idea of the unified image of one nation, endowed respectively with one language and one culture. The chimerical idea of this imagined unity has become further the fundament of Kurdish identity-making, resulting in the creation of fantastic ethnic and cultural prehistory, perversion of historical facts, falsification of linguistic data, etc. (for recent Western views on Kurdish identity, see Atabaki/Dorleijn 1990).
References
edit- ^ a b Özoğlu, Hakan (2004-02-12). Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. SUNY Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-7914-5993-5.
- ^ a b c Behrendt, Günter (1993). Nationalismus in Kurdistan: Vorgeschichte, Entstehungsbedingungen und erste Manifestationen bis 1925 (in German). Deutsches Orient-Institut. p. 215. ISBN 978-3-89173-029-4.
- ^ Olson, Robert W. (1989). The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925. University of Texas Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-292-77619-7.
- ^ a b c Özoğlu, Hakan (2004), p.74
- ^ a b c d Jwaideh, Wadie (2006). The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8156-3093-7.
- ^ a b Olson, Robert W. (1989), p.6
- ^ Jwaideh, Wadie (2006). p.91
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chaliand, Gérard (1981-01-01). Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan (in French). La Découverte (réédition numérique FeniXX). pp. 50–52. ISBN 2707110132.
- ^ a b Jwaideh, Wadie (2006). p.92
- ^ Behrendt, Günter (1993), p.221
- ^ Behrendt, Günter (1993), pp.222–223
- ^ Behrendt, Günter (1993), p.223
- ^ Behrendt, Günter (1993), p.222
- ^ Olson, Robert W. (1989), p.7
- ^ Özoğlu, Hakan (2004), p.75
- ^ Asatrian, Garnik (2009). "Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds". Iran and the Caucasus. 13 (1): 65–66. doi:10.1163/160984909X12476379007846.
Further reading
edit- Ateş, Sabri (2014). "In the Name of the Caliph and the Nation: The Sheikh Ubeidullah Rebellion of 1880–81". Iranian Studies. 47 (5): 735–798. doi:10.1080/00210862.2014.934151.