Uranoscopus brunneus, the dark-finned stargazer, is a member of the group Uranoscopidae, the benthic living fishes distributed worldwide in tropical and temperate oceans.[1]
| Uranoscopus brunneus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Labriformes |
| Family: | Uranoscopidae |
| Genus: | Uranoscopus |
| Species: | U. brunneus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Uranoscopus brunneus R. Fricke, 2018
| |
Description
editThe stargazers are from the perciform fish family called Uranoscopidae. They are a group of benthic living fishes distributed worldwide in tropical and temperate oceans, however, few species occasionally enter brackish waters or even fresh water habitats. They bury in sand or mud, leaving only the eyes and anterodorsal part of their head exposed. Members of the stargazers are characterised by having dorsally or dorsolaterally directed eyes placed on or near the top of their large, flattened, cuboid head. They are commonly called stargazers because these small eyes turn upwards 'looking at the stars'.[2] They have oblique to vertical mouth, with lips usually lined with cutaneous cirri. Their body is elongated and sub-compressed.[3] In the family Uranoscopidae, seven genera and 53 valid species are known. The genus comprises a total of 25 valid species of which the last two were discovered in 2018.[4]
Uranoscopus brunneus is a member of a species group which is characterised by a supracleithrum with a sharp spine at rear end and one or more spines inside. Hence, the dorsoposterior margin of the pectoral fin[5] is distinctly concave (forming an angle of about 30–40° between upper edge and middle ray).
Uranoscopus brunneus exclusively possesses within the group:
- 12 anal-fin rays (other species 13–14),
- 62 oblique scale rows along the sides of the body (other species 47–59),
- 8 spines on the lower margin of the preopercle (other species 3–6),
- and dark brown pectoral-fin membranes (other species: pale to light brown).[1]
Distribution and habitat
editThe genus Uranoscopus is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, the eastern Atlantic, and the Mediterranean and Black Sea.[6] Uranoscopus brunneus can be found in Papua New Guinea (New Britain), Philippines, and Indonesia.[7]
The species can be found on soft bottoms of lower continental shelf; known depth range 315−625 m.
Etymology
edit“Brunneus” (Latin) means brown;[8] the name refers to the overall brown color of the species, and especially to its brown pectoral fin membranes. Uranoscopus is from the Greek, ouranos, "sky" and skopein, "to watch".[9]
Life cycle
editThe stargazer lays small, transparent eggs on the bottom of the bay. These eggs float to the surface after they are released. They hatch into larvae and grow up to 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in). They slowly become dark in color and develop the electrical organs from eye muscles when they are 12–15 mm (0.5–0.6 in). After this they swim to the bottom and grow into adults.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c Fricke, Ronald (2018-09-13). "Two new species of stargazers of the genus Uranoscopus (Teleostei: Uranoscopidae) from the western Pacific Ocean". Zootaxa. 4476 (1): 157–167. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4476.1.15. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 30313350.
- ^ "Marine Species Identification Portal : Stargazers - Family Uranoscopidae". species-identification.org. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
- ^ Pietsch, Theodore W. (1989). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Trachinoid Fishes of the Family Uranoscopidae". Copeia. 1989 (2): 253–303. doi:10.2307/1445425. ISSN 0045-8511. JSTOR 1445425.
- ^ States379-8000, CA 94118 United. "Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Kishimoto, T. (1979). "URANOSCOPIDAE Stargazers" (PDF). Fao.org.
- ^ "First record of Uranoscopus crassiceps (Alcock, 1890) (Perciformes: Uranoscopidae) from off the Arabian Sea coast, south-western India". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Uranoscopidae - Stargazers". www.fishbase.se. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
- ^ "brunneous | Definition of brunneous in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
- ^ "Uranoscopus scaber summary page". FishBase. Retrieved 2019-04-07.