森津/sandbox | |
---|---|
Satyrus actaea, Languedoc-Roussillon, France | |
Satyrodes appalachia, Woodbridge, Virginia, USA | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Lepidoptera |
Family: | Nymphalidae |
Subfamily: | Satyrinae Boisduval, 1833 |
Tribes[1] | |
| |
Diversity[2][3] | |
261 genera, at least 2500 species |
The Satyrinae, the satyrines or satyrids, commonly known as the browns, are a largest subfamily of the Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies). They were formerly considered a distinct family, Satyridae. In addition, three tribes that have been considered as independent subfamilies: Morphini, Brassolini and Amathusiini are included in this subfamily according to currently Molecular systematics.
Distribution and Diversity
editThis subfamily contains between 2500 and 3000 species and is the largest known subfamily of Nymphalidae. It has a widespread distribution and can be found on all continents except Antarctica.
Morphology
editBiology
editTaxonomy
editFootnotes
editNotes
editSources
editReferences
edit{{Div col|rules=yes}} * {{Cite journal | first = Lu | last = Chen | first2 = Niklas | last2 = Wahlberg | first3 = Cheng-Qing | last3 = Liao | first4 = Chen-Bin | last4 = Wang | first5 = Fang-Zhou | last5 = Ma | first6 = Guo-Hua | last6 = Huang | title = Fourteen complete mitochondrial genomes of butterflies from the genus ''Lethe'' (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) with mitogenome-based phylogenetic analysis | journal = Genomics | volume = 112 | issue = 6 | year = 2020 | pages = 4435-4441 | doi = 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.07.042 | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0888754319310559?via%3Dihub | ref = harv }}<!-- Chen|Wahlberg|Liao|Wang|2020 --> * {{Cite journal | first = André Victor Lucci | last = Freitas | authorlink = species:André Victor Lucci Freitas | first2 = Keith S. | last2 = Brown Jr. | title = Phylogeny of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) | journal = Systematic Biology | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | year = 2004 | pages = 363–383 | doi = 10.1080/10635150490445670 | url = https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/53/3/363/2842844 | ref = harv }}<!-- Freitas|Brown Jr.|2004 --> * {{Cite journal | first = André V.L. | last = Freitas | first2 = Luísa L. | last2 = Mota | first3 = Eduardo P. | last3 = Barbosa | first4 = Junia Y.O. | last4 = Carreira | title = Immature stages of the Selaginella-feeding ''Euptychia mollina'' (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from the Brazilian Amazon | journal = Zoologia | volume = 36 | year = 2019 | pages = 1-7 | doi = 10.3897/zoologia.36.e32053 | url = https://zoologia.pensoft.net/article/32053 | ref = harv }}<!-- Freitas|Mota|Barbosa|Carreira|2019 --> * {{Cite book | first = D.J. | last = Harvey | authorlink = species:Donald James Harvey | chapter = Higher classification of the Nymphalidae, Appendix B. | editor = Nijhout, H.F. (ed) | title = The Development and Evolution of Butterfly Wing Patterns | publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press | year = 1991 | pages = 255-273 | url = http://www.nymphalidae.net/Nymphalidae/Classification/Harvey.htm | ref = harv }}<!-- Harvey|1991 --> * {{Cite book | first = G. | last = Lamas | authorlink = species:Gerardo Lamas | title = Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea | series = Atlas of neotropical Lepidoptera | publisher = Association for Tropical Lepidoptera/Scientific Publishers | year = 2004 | isbn = 0945417284 | url = https://www.worldcat.org/title/atlas-of-neotropical-lepidoptera-checklist-v-5a-pt-4a-hesperioidea-papilionoidea/oclc/58754755 | ref = harv }}<!-- Lamas|2004 --> * {{Cite journal | first = Lee D. | last = Miller | authorlink = species:Lee Denmar Miller | title = The higher classification, phylogeny and zoogeography of the Satyridae (Lepidoptera) | journal = Memoirs of the American Entomological Society | volume = 24 | year = 1968 | pages = 1-174 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/49866 | ref = harv }}<!-- Miller|1968 --> * {{Cite journal | first = Carlos | last = Peña | authorlink = species:Carlos Peña | first2 = Niklas | last2 = Wahlberg | first3 = Elisabet | last3 = Weingartner | first4 = Ullasa | last4 = Kodandaramaiah | first5 = Sören | last5 = Nylin | first6 = André V.L. | last6 = Freitas | first7 = Andrew V.Z. | last7 = Brower | title = Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | year = 2006 | pages = 29-49 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.007 | url = http://www.nymphalidae.net/Penaetal2006.pdf | ref = harv }}<!-- Peña|Wahlberg|Weingartner|Kodandaramaiah|2006 --> * {{Cite journal | first = Carlos | last = Peña | first2 = Niklas | last2 = Wahlberg | title = Prehistorical climate change increased diversification of a group of butterflies | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 4 | year = 2008 | pages = 274-278 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0062 | url = http://www.nymphalidae.net/PenaWahlberg2008.pdf | ref = harv }}<!-- Peña|Wahlberg|2008 --> ** {{Cite journal | first = Carlos | last = Peña | first2 = Niklas | last2 = Wahlberg | title = ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL | year = 2008 | url = http://www.nymphalidae.net/supp_mat_Pena_Wahlberg_2008.pdf | ref = {{SfnRef|Peña & Wahlberg 2008. suppl.}} }}<!-- Peña & Wahlberg 2008. suppl. --> * {{Cite book | first = Carla M. | last = Penz | authorlink = species:Carla Maria Penz | chapter = Exploring Color Pattern Diversification in Early Lineages of Satyrinae (Nymphalidae) | editor = Sekimura, T.; Nijhout, H.(eds) | title = Diversity and Evolution of Butterfly Wing Patterns | year = 2017 | publisher = Springer | page = 21-37 | doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-4956-9_2 | isbn = 978-981-10-4956-9 | url = https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-4956-9_2 | ref = harv }}<!-- Penz|2017 --> * {{Cite web | first = Niklas | last = Wahlberg | authorlink = species:Niklas Wahlberg | title = The Nymphalidae Systematics Group | url = http://www.nymphalidae.net/ | accessdate = 2021-10-21 }} ** {{Cite web | author = Peña, Carlos; Wahlberg, Niklas | title = Satyrinae | website = NYMPHALIDAE.net | url = http://www.nymphalidae.net/Nymphalidae/General/Satyrinae.htm | ref = {{SfnRef|Peña & Wahlberg}} | accessdate = 2021-10-21 }}<!-- Peña & Wahlberg --> ** {{Cite web | first = Niklas | last = Wahlberg | title = The higher classification of Nymphalidae | website = NYMPHALIDAE.net | year = 2019 | url = http://www.nymphalidae.net/Nymphalidae/Classification/Higher_class.htm | ref = harv | accessdate = 2021-10-21 }}<!-- Wahlberg|2019 --> {{Div col end}}