Gairaigo in hiragana
editはんばあがあ (hanbāgā)
こばると (kobaruto)
しゃったあちゃんす (shattā chansu)
こうひいしょっぷ (kōhī shoppu)
にゅうす (nyūsu)
Kanji readings
edit- Honshu: 本州 (Honshū) → Motosu
- Hokkaido: 北海道 (Hokkaidō) → Kitaumimichi
- Shikoku: 四国 (Shikoku) → Yokuni
- Kyushu: 九州 (Kyūshū) → Kokonosu
Extended hiragana
editいぃ yi | いぇ ye | |||
ウァ wa* | ウィ wi | ウゥ wu* | ウェ we | ウォ wo |
ウュ wyu | ||||
ゔぁ va | ゔぃ vi | ゔ vu⁑ | ゔぇ ve | ゔぉ vo |
ゔゃ vya | ゔゅ vyu | ゔぃぇ vye | ゔょ vyo | |
きぇ kye | ||||
ぎぇ gye | ||||
クァ kwa | クィ kwi | クェ kwe | クォ kwo | |
クヮ kwa | ||||
グァ gwa | グィ gwi | グェ gwe | グォ gwo | |
グヮ gwa | ||||
しぇ she | ||||
じぇ je | ||||
すぃ si | ||||
ずぃ zi | ||||
ちぇ che | ||||
つぁ tsa | つぃ tsi | つぇ tse | つぉ tso | |
つゅ tsyu | ||||
ティ ti | とぅ tu | |||
てゅ tyu | ||||
でぃ di | どぅ du | |||
でゅ dyu | ||||
にぇ nye | ||||
ひぇ hye | ||||
びぇ bye | ||||
ぴぇ pye | ||||
ふぁ fa | ふぃ fi | ふぇ fe | ふぉ fo | |
ふゃ fya | ふゅ fyu | ふぃぇ fye | ふょ fyo | |
ほぅ hu | ||||
みぇ mye | ||||
りぇ rye | ||||
ら゜ la | リ゜ li | ル゜ lu | レ゜ le | ロ゜ lo |
リ゜ャ lya | リ゜ュ lyu | リ゜ェ lye | リ゜ョ lyo | |
ヷ va⁂ | ヸ vi⁂ | ヹ ve⁂ | ヺ vo⁂ |
Words with extended katakana
editツェッピット (tseppitto)
ミェリャター (myeryatā)
ツァッケン (tsakken)
Super-extended katakana
editツャ tsya | ツュ tsyu | ツィェ tsye | ツョ tsyo |
Even More Katakana
editMonographs (gojūon) | Digraphs (yōon) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | i | u | e | o | ä | ö | ü | ya | yu | yo | |
∅ | ア a [a] |
イ i [i] |
ウ u [ɯ] |
エ e [e][n 1] |
オ o [o] |
甘 ä [æ] |
气 ö [ø] |
斗 ü [y] |
|||
K | カ ka [ka] |
キ ki [ki] |
ク ku [kɯ] |
ケ ke [ke] |
コ ko [ko] |
キャ kya [kʲa] |
キュ kyu [kʲɯ] |
キョ kyo [kʲo] | |||
S | サ sa [sa] |
シ shi [ɕi] |
ス su [sɯ] |
セ se [se] |
ソ so [so] |
シャ sha [ɕa] |
シュ shu [ɕɯ] |
ショ sho [ɕo] | |||
T | タ ta [ta] |
チ chi [t͡ɕi] |
ツ tsu [t͡sɯ] |
テ te [te] |
ト to [to] |
チャ cha [t͡ɕa] |
チュ chu [t͡ɕɯ] |
チョ cho [t͡ɕo] | |||
N | ナ na [na] |
ニ ni [ɲi] |
ヌ nu [nɯ] |
ネ ne [ne] |
ノ no [no] |
ニャ nya [ɲa] |
ニュ nyu [ɲɯ] |
ニョ nyo [ɲo] | |||
H | ハ ha [ha] |
ヒ hi [çi] |
フ fu [ɸɯ] |
ヘ he [he] |
ホ ho [ho] |
ヒャ hya [ça] |
ヒュ hyu [çɯ] |
ヒョ hyo [ço] | |||
M | マ ma [ma] |
ミ mi [mi] |
ム mu [mɯ] |
メ me [me] |
モ mo [mo] |
ミャ mya [mʲa] |
ミュ myu [mʲɯ] |
ミョ myo [mʲo] | |||
Y | ヤ ya [ja] |
[n 2] | ユ yu [jɯ] |
エ [𛄡] ye [je] / [e][n 3] |
ヨ yo [jo] |
||||||
R | ラ ra [ɾa] |
リ ri [ɾi] |
ル ru [ɾɯ] |
レ re [ɾe] |
ロ ro [ɾo] |
リャ rya [ɾʲa] |
リュ ryu [ɾʲɯ] |
リョ ryo [ɾʲo] | |||
W | ワ wa [ɰa] |
ヰ wi [ɰi] / [i][n 4] |
[n 2] | ヱ we [ɰe] / [e][n 4] |
ヲ wo [ɰo] / [o][n 4] |
||||||
Monographs with diacritics: gojūon with (han)dakuten | Digraphs with diacritics: yōon with (han)dakuten | ||||||||||
a | i | u | e | o | ya | yu | yo | ||||
G | ガ ga [ɡa] |
ギ gi [ɡi] |
グ gu [ɡɯ] |
ゲ ge [ɡe] |
ゴ go [ɡo] |
ギャ gya [ɡʲa] |
ギュ gyu [ɡʲɯ] |
ギョ gyo [ɡʲo] | |||
Z | ザ za [za] |
ジ ji [(d)ʑi] |
ズ zu [(d)zɯ] |
ゼ ze [ze] |
ゾ zo [zo] |
ジャ ja [(d)ʑa] |
ジュ ju [(d)ʑɯ] |
ジョ jo [(d)ʑo] | |||
D | ダ da [da] |
ヂ ji [(d)ʑi][n 5] |
ヅ zu [(d)zɯ][n 5] |
デ de [de] |
ド do [do] |
ヂャ ja [(d)ʑa][n 5] |
ヂュ ju [(d)ʑɯ][n 5] |
ヂョ jo [(d)ʑo][n 5] | |||
B | バ ba [ba] |
ビ bi [bi] |
ブ bu [bɯ] |
ベ be [be] |
ボ bo [bo] |
ビャ bya [bʲa] |
ビュ byu [bʲɯ] |
ビョ byo [bʲo] | |||
P | パ pa [pa] |
ピ pi [pi] |
プ pu [pɯ] |
ペ pe [pe] |
ポ po [po] |
ピャ pya [pʲa] |
ピュ pyu [pʲɯ] |
ピョ pyo [pʲo] | |||
Final nasal monograph | Polysyllabic monographs | ||||||||||
n | iu | koto | shite | toki | tomo | nari | |||||
* | ン n [ɴ m n ɲ ŋ ɰ̃] |
iu [jɯː] |
ヿ koto [koto] |
shite [ɕite] |
/ toki [toki] |
tomo [tomo] |
nari [naɾi] | ||||
* | ゙ domo [domo] |
||||||||||
Functional graphemes | |||||||||||
sokuonfu | chōonpu | odoriji (monosyllable) | odoriji (polysyllable) | ||||||||
* | ッ (indicates a geminate consonant) |
ー (after long vowel) |
ヽ (reduplicates and unvoices syllable) |
〱 (reduplicates and unvoices syllable) | |||||||
* | ヾ (reduplicates and voices syllable) |
〱゙ (reduplicates and voices syllable) | |||||||||
* | ヽ゚ (reduplicates and voices syllable) |
〱゚ (reduplicates and voices syllable) |
Notes
edit- ^ Prior to the e/ye merger in the mid-Heian period, a different character (𛀀) was used in position e.
- ^ a b Theoretical combinations yi and wu are unused . Some katakana were invented for them by linguists in the Edo and Meiji periods in order to fill out the table, but they were never actually used in normal writing.
- ^ The combination ye existed prior to the mid-Heian period and was represented in very early katakana, but has been extinct for over a thousand years, having merged with e in the 10th century. The ye katakana (エ) was adopted for e (displacing 𛀀, the character originally used for e); the alternate katakana 𛄡 was invented for ye in the Meiji period for use in representations of Old and Early Classical Japanese so as to avoid confusion with the modern use of エ for e.
- ^ a b c The characters in positions wi and we are obsolete in modern Japanese, and have been replaced by イ (i) and エ (e). The character wo, in practice normally pronounced o, is preserved in only one use: as a particle. This is normally written in hiragana (を), so katakana ヲ sees only limited use. See Gojūon and the articles on each character for details.
- ^ a b c d e The ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) kana (often romanised as ji and zu) are primarily used for etymologic spelling , when the unvoiced equivalents チ (ti) and ツ (tu) (usually romanised as chi and tsu) undergo a sound change (rendaku) and become voiced when they occur in the middle of a compound word. In other cases, the identically-pronounced ジ (ji) and ズ (zu) are used instead. ヂ (di) and ヅ (du) can never begin a word, and they are not common in katakana, since the concept of rendaku does not apply to transcribed foreign words, one of the major uses of katakana.
Possible spellings
editI eat apples (Watashi wa ringo o tabemasu)
edit私は林檎を食べます