User:A1vin/sandbox

Subpixel rendering works by increasing the luminance reconstruction points of a color subpixelated screen, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display. This thumbnail image is downsized and does not show the technique. Click to see the full-size image.

子像素渲染（或称亚像素渲染）是利用液晶显示器（LCD）或有机发光二极管显示器（OLED） 的自身物理属性来渲染像素以增强可视分辨率的一种方式。彩色液晶显示器上的每一个像素实际上都是由独立的红、绿、蓝或其他颜色的子像素构成的，子像素渲染正是利用了这一原理来对显示的文本进行抗锯齿处理，使文本的细节更加丰富；或者是对专门使用子像素渲染技术进行过处理的图片的分辨率进行增强处理，使图片更加清晰。

背景

Examples of pixel geometry, showing various arrangements of pixels and subpixels, which must be considered for subpixel rendering. LCD displays (bottom right is the most typical example) are best suited to subpixel rendering.

"Aa" rendered in subpixel.

The previous image, with the R, G and B channel separated and animated.

多像素显示器上的每一个单独的像素都是由几中原色构成的，通常都是三种颜色，在不同的显示器上排列顺序也不同，一般是蓝、绿和红（BGR）或红、绿和蓝（RGB）。有些显示器可能有超过三种原色，例如红、绿、蓝和黄（RGBY）或红、绿、蓝和黑（RGBW）甚或红、绿、蓝、黄和青（RGBYC），其被称为多元色。A single pixel on a color subpixelated display is made of several color primaries, typically three colored elements—ordered (on various displays) either as blue, green, and red (BGR), or as red, green, and blue (RGB). Some displays have more than three primaries, often called MultiPrimary, such as the combination of red, green, blue, and yellow (RGBY), or red, green, blue and white (RGBW), or even red, green, blue, yellow, and cyan (RGBYC).

这些像素成分有时被称为子像素，因为光学模糊，再经过眼神经细胞的空间整合，在人眼看来都是单一色彩的点。通过放大镜（例如寸镜）观察就可以很容易地看清这些像素点。超过一定的显示阈值，这些像素的颜色虽然不再可见，但是像素的相对密度会导致线条的位置或形状出现改变。These pixel components, sometimes called subpixels, appear as a single color to the human eye because of blurring by the optics and spatial integration by nerve cells in the eye. The components are easily visible, however, when viewed with a small magnifying glass, such as a loupe. Over a certain resolution threshold the colors in the subpixels are not visible, but the relative intensity of the components shifts the apparent position or orientation of a line.

子像素渲染对于采用了某些显示技术的显示器更加有效，尤其是液晶显示器（LCD）或是其他单个逻辑像素都由多个颜色像素点组成的显示器，但是对于阴极射线管显示器（CRT）则不那么有效。Subpixel rendering is better suited to some display technologies than others. The technology is well-suited to LCDs and other technologies where each logical pixel corresponds directly to three or more independent colored subpixels, but less so for CRTs.

In a CRT the light from the pixel components often spreads across pixels, and the outputs of adjacent pixels are not perfectly independent. If a designer knew precisely about the display's electron beams and aperture grille, subpixel rendering might have some advantage. But the properties of the CRT components, coupled with the alignment variations that are part of the production process, make subpixel rendering less effective for these displays.

子像素渲染技术对于有机发光二极管显示器（OLED）或与液晶显示器（LCD）采用了同样的像素组织方式的其他显示器上均应有好的应用。The technique should have good application to organic light emitting diodes (OLED) and other display technologies that organize pixels the same way as LCDs.

Pixels on an LCD are made up of separate red, green, and blue elements, which can be used to give finer control over rendering the curvature of text. The word would appear white on the screen because red, green, and blue light combined are indistinguishable from white light to the human visual system.

History and patents历史与专利

The origin of subpixel rendering as used today remains controversial. Apple, then IBM, and finally Microsoft patented various implementations with certain technical differences owing to the different purposes their technologies were intended for.

Microsoft has several patents in the United States on subpixel rendering technology for text rendering on RGB Stripe layouts. The patents 6,219,025, 6,239,783, 6,307,566, 6,225,973, 6,243,070, 6,393,145, 6,421,054, 6,282,327, 6,624,828 were filed between 1998-10-07 and 1999-10-07, thus should expire in 2019-10-07. This caused FreeType, the library used by most current software on the X Window System, to disable this functionality by default. Most modern Linux distributions turn this back on.

Apple was able to use it in Mac OS X due to a patent cross-licensing agreement.

Apple II苹果II

It is sometimes claimed (such as by Steve Gibson) that the Apple II, introduced in 1977, supports an early form of subpixel rendering in its high-resolution (280×192) graphics mode. However, the method Gibson describes can also be viewed as a limitation of the way the machine generates color, rather than as a technique intentionally exploited by programmers to increase resolution.

David Turner of the FreeType project criticized Gibson's theory as to the invention, at least as far as patent law is concerned, in the following way: "For the record, the Wozniak patent is explicitely [sic] referenced in the [Microsoft U.S. patent 6,188,385], and the claims are worded precisely to avoid colliding with it (which is easy, since the Apple II only used 2 "sub-pixels", instead of the 'at minimum 3' claimed by MS)." Turner further explains his view:

Under the current US regime, any minor improvement to a previous technique can be considered an "invention" and "protected" by a patent under the right circumstances (e.g. if it's not totally trivial), If [sic] we look at [Microsoft's U.S. patent 6,219,025], we see that the Apple II Wozniak patent [U.S. patent 4,136,359] covering this machine's display technique is listed first in the [Microsoft] patents' citations. This shows that both Microsoft and the patent examiner who granted the patents were aware of this "prior art".

The bytes that comprise the Apple II high-resolution screen buffer contain seven visible bits (each corresponding directly to a pixel) and a flag bit used to select between purple/green or blue/orange color sets. Each pixel, since it is represented by a single bit, is either on or off; there are no bits within the pixel itself for specifying color or brightness. Color is instead created as an artifact of the NTSC color encoding scheme, determined by horizontal position: pixels with even horizontal coordinates are always purple (or blue, if the flag bit is set), and odd pixels are always green (or orange). Two lit pixels next to each other are always white, regardless of whether the pair is even/odd or odd/even, and irrespective of the value of the flag bit. The foregoing is only an approximation of the true interplay of the digital and analog behavior of the Apple's video output circuits on one hand, and the properties of real NTSC monitors on the other hand. However, this approximation is what most programmers of the time would have in mind while working with the Apple's high-resolution mode.

Gibson's example basically claims that because two bits are required to make a white block. There are in fact two bits per pixel: one which activates the purple left half of the pixel, and the other which activates the green right half of the pixel. If the programmer instead activates the green right half of a pixel and the purple half of the next pixel, then the result is a white block that is 1/2 pixel to the right, which is indeed an instance of subpixel rendering. However, it is not clear whether any programmers of the Apple II have considered the pairs of bits as pixels—instead calling each bit a pixel. While the quote from Apple II inventor Steve Wozniak on Gibson's page seems to imply that vintage Apple II graphics programmers routinely used subpixel rendering, it is difficult to make a case that many of them thought of what they were doing in such terms.

The flag bit in each byte affects color by shifting pixels half a pixel-width to the right. This half-pixel shift was exploited by some graphics software, such as HRCG (High-Resolution Character Generator), an Apple utility that displayed text using the high-resolution graphics mode, to smooth diagonals. (Many Apple II users had monochrome displays, or turned down the saturation on their color displays when running software that expected a monochrome display, so this technique was useful.) Although it did not provide a way to address subpixels individually, it did allow positioning of pixels at fractional pixel locations and can thus be considered a form of subpixel rendering. However, this technique is not related to LCD subpixel rendering as described in this article.

ClearType

Main article: ClearType

Microsoft announced its subpixel rendering technology, called ClearType, at COMDEX in 1998; it was then made available in Windows XP, but it was not activated by default until Windows Vista. (Windows XP OEMs however could and did change the default setting.)

FreeType

FreeType is an open source implementation, but it carries the following notice: "The colour filtering algorithm of Microsoft's ClearType technology for subpixel rendering is covered by patents; for this reason the corresponding code in FreeType is disabled by default. Note that subpixel rendering per se is prior art; using a different colour filter thus easily circumvents Microsoft's patent claims."

SubLCD

SubLCD is another open source subpixel rendering method that claims it does not infringe existing patents, and promises to remain unpatented. David Turner was however skeptical of SubLCD's author's claims: "Unfortunately, I, as the FreeType author, do not share his enthusiasm. The reason is precisely the very vague patent claims [by Microsoft] described previously. To me, there is a non-negligible (even if small) chance, that these claims also cover the SubLCD technique. The situation would probably be different if we could invalidate the broader patent claims, but this is not the case currently."

CoolType

Adobe built their own subpixel renderer called CoolType, so they could display documents the same way across various operating systems: Windows, MacOS, Linux etc. When it was launched around the year 2001, CoolType supported a wider range of fonts than Microsoft's ClearType, which was then limited to TrueType fonts, whereas Adobe's CoolType also supported PostScript fonts (and their OpenType equivalent as well).

OS X

Mac OS X uses subpixel rendering as well, as part of Quartz 2D. Unlike's Microsoft's implementation, which favors a tight fit to the grid to maximize legibility, Apple's implementation prioritizes the shape of the glyphs as set out by their designer.

PenTile

Starting in 1992, Candice H. Brown Elliott researched subpixel rendering and novel layouts, the PenTile matrix family pixel layout, which worked together with sub pixel rendering algorithms to raise the resolution of color flat-panel displays. In 2000, she co-founded Clairvoyante, Inc. to commercialize these layouts and subpixel rendering algorithms. In 2008, Samsung purchased Clairvoyante and simultaneously funded a new company, Nouvoyance, Inc., retaining much of the technical staff, with Ms. Brown Elliott as CEO.

Addressability vs. resolution可寻址性与分辨率

With subpixel rendering technology, the number of points that may be independently addressed to reconstruct the image is increased. When the green subpixels are reconstructing the shoulders, the red subpixels are reconstructing near the peaks and vice versa. For text fonts, increasing the addressability allows the font designer to use spatial frequencies and phases that would have created noticeable distortions had it been whole pixel rendered. The improvement is most noted on italic fonts which exhibit different phases on each row. This reduction in moiré distortion is the primary benefit of subpixel rendered fonts on the conventional RGB Stripe panel.

Although subpixel rendering increases the number of reconstruction points on the display this does not always mean that higher resolution, higher spatial frequencies, more lines and spaces, may be displayed on a given arrangement of color subpixels. A phenomenon occurs as the spatial frequency is increased past the whole pixel Nyquist limit from the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem; Chromatic aliasing (color fringes) may appear with higher spatial frequencies in a given orientation on the color subpixel arrangement.

Example with the common RGB stripes layout

For example, consider an RGB Stripe Panel:

RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB             WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW         R = red
RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB     is      WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW         G = green
RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB  perceived  WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW  where  B = blue
RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB     as      WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW         W = white
RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB             WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Shown below is an example of black and white lines at the Nyquist limit, but at a slanting angle, taking advantage of subpixel rendering to use a different phase each row:

RGB___RGB___RGB___             WWW___WWW___WWW___         R = red
_GBR___GBR___GBR__     is      _WWW___WWW___WWW__         G = green
__BRG___BRG___BRG_  perceived  __WWW___WWW___WWW_  where  B = blue
___RGB___RGB___RGB     as      ___WWW___WWW___WWW         _ = black
____GBR___GBR___GB             ____WWW___WWW___WW         W = white

Shown below is an example of chromatic aliasing when the traditional whole pixel Nyquist limit is exceeded:

RG__GB__BR__RG__GB             YY__CC__MM__YY__CC         R = red    Y = yellow
RG__GB__BR__RG__GB     is      YY__CC__MM__YY__CC         G = green  C = cyan
RG__GB__BR__RG__GB  perceived  YY__CC__MM__YY__CC  where  B = blue   M = magenta
RG__GB__BR__RG__GB     as      YY__CC__MM__YY__CC         _ = black
RG__GB__BR__RG__GB             YY__CC__MM__YY__CC

This case shows the result of attempting to place vertical black and white lines at four subpixels per cycle on the RGB Stripe architecture. One can visually see that the lines, instead of being white, are colored. Starting from the left, the first line is red combined with green to produce a yellow-colored line. The second line is green combined with blue to produce a pastel cyan-colored line. The third line is blue combined with red to produce a magenta-colored line. The colors then repeat: yellow, cyan, and magenta. This demonstrates that a spatial frequency of one cycle per four subpixels is too high. Attempts to go to a yet higher spatial frequency, such as one cycle per three subpixels, would result in a single solid color.

Some LCDs compensate the inter-pixel color mix effect by having borders between pixels slightly larger than borders between subpixels. Then, in the example above, a viewer of such an LCD would see a blue line appearing adjacent to a red line instead of a single magenta line.

Example with RBG-GBR alternated stripes layout

Novel subpixel layouts have been developed to allow higher real resolution without chromatic aliasing. Shown here is one of the member of the PenTile matrix family of layouts. Shown below is an example of how a simple change to the arrangement of color subpixels may allow a higher limit in the horizontal direction:

PenTile RBG-GBR alternated subpixel geometry (zoomed at 12:1).

RBGRBGRBGRBGRBGRBG
GBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGBR
RBGRBGRBGRBGRBGRBG
GBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGBR
RBGRBGRBGRBGRBGRBG
GBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGBR

In this case, the red and green order are interchanged every row to create a red & green checkerboard pattern with blue stripes. Note that the vertical subpixels could be split in half vertically to double the vertical resolution as well : the current LCD panels already typically use two color LEDs (aligned vertically and displaying the same lightness, see the zoomed images below) to illuminate each vertical subpixel. This layout is one of the PenTile matrix family of layouts. When displaying the same number of black-white lines, the blue subpixels are set at half brightness "b":

Rb_Rb_Rb_Rb_Rb_Rb_
Gb_Gb_Gb_Gb_Gb_Gb_
Rb_Rb_Rb_Rb_Rb_Rb_
Gb_Gb_Gb_Gb_Gb_Gb_
Rb_Rb_Rb_Rb_Rb_Rb_
Gb_Gb_Gb_Gb_Gb_Gb_

Notice that every column that turns on comprises red and green subpixels at full brightness and blue subpixels at half value to balance it to white. Now, one may display black and white lines at up to one cycle per three subpixels without chromatic aliasing, twice that of the RGB Stripe architecture.

Non-striped variants of the RBG-GBR alternated layout

PenTile RG-B-GR alternated subpixel geometry (zoomed at 12:1).

Variants of the previous layout have been proposed by Clairvoyante/Nouvoyance (and demonstrated by Samsung) as members of the PenTile matrix family of layouts specifically designed for subpixel rendering efficiency.

For example, taking advantage of the doubled visible horizontal resolution, one could double the vertical resolution to make the definition more isotropic. However this would reduce the aperture of pixels, producing lower contrasts. A better alternative uses the fact that the blue subpixels are those that contribute the least to the visible intensity, so that they are less precisely located by the eye. Blue subpixels are then rendered just as a diamond in the center of a pixel square, and the rest of the pixel surface is split in four parts as a checker board of red and green subpixels with smaller sizes. Rendering images with this variant can use the same technique as before, except that now there's a near-isotropic geometry that supports both the horizontal and the vertical with the same geometric properties, making the layout ideal for displaying the same image details when the LCD panel can be rotated.

The doubled vertical and horizontal visual resolution allows to reduce the subpixel density of about 33%, in order to increase their aperture also of about 33%, with the same separation distance between subpixels (for their electronic interconnection), and also to reduce the power dissipation of about 50% with a white/black contrast increased of about 50% and still a visual-pixel resolution enhanced by about 33% (i.e. about 125 dpi instead of 96 dpi), but with only half the total number of subpixels for the same displayed surface.

Checkered RG-BW layout

Another variant, called the RGBW Quad, uses a checkerboard with 4 subpixels per pixel, adding a white subpixel, or more specifically, replacing one of the green subpixels of Bayer filter Pattern with a white subpixel, to increase the contrast and reduce the energy needed to illuminate white pixels (because color filters in classic RGB striped panels absorb more than 65% of the total white light used to illuminate the panel). As each subpixel is a square instead of a thin rectangle, this also increases the aperture with the same average subpixel density, and same pixel density along both axis. As the horizontal density is reduced and the vertical density remains identical (for the same square pixel density), it becomes possible to increase the pixel density of about 33%, while maintaining the contrast comparable to classic RGB or BGR panels, taking profit of the more efficient use of light and lowered absorption levels by the color filters.

It is not possible to use subpixel rendering to increase the resolution without creating color fringes similar to those seen in classic RGB or BGR striped panels, but the increased resolution compensates it, in addition, their effective visible color is reduced by the presence of "color-neutral" white subpixels.

However, this layout allows a better rendering of greys, at the price of a lower color separation. But this is consistent with human vision and with modern image and video compression formats (like JPEG and MPEG) used in modern HDTV transmissions and in Blu-ray Discs.

Yet another variant, a member for the PenTile matrix family of subpixel layouts, alternates between subpixel order RGBW / BWRG every other row, to allow subpixel rendering to increase the resolution, without chromatic aliasing. As before, the increased transmittance using the white subpixel allows higher subpixel density, but in this case, the displayed resolution is even higher due to the benefits of subpixel rendering:

RGBWRGBWRGBW
BWRGBWRGBWRG
RGBWRGBWRGBW
BWRGBWRGBWRG
RGB_RGB_RGB_
_W___W___W__
RGB_RGB_RGB_
_W___W___W__

Visual resolution versus pixel resolution and software compatibility

Thus, not all layouts are created equal. Each particular layout may have a different "visual resolution", modulation transfer function limit (MTFL), defined as the highest number of black and white lines that may be simultaneously rendered without visible chromatic aliasing.

However, such alternate layouts are still not compatible with subpixel rendering font algorithms used in Windows, Mac OS X and Linux, which currently support only the RGB or BGR horizontal striped subpixel layouts (rotated monitors are not supported, subpixel stripes are then vertically!). However, the PenTile matrix displays have a built-in subpixel rendering engine that allows conventional RGB data sets to be converted to the layouts, providing plug'n'play compatibility with conventional layout displays. New display models should be proposed in the future that will allow monitor drivers to specify their visual resolution separately from the full pixel resolution and the relative position offsets of visible subpixels for each color plane, as well as their respective contribution to white intensity. Such monitor drivers would allow renderers to correctly adjust their geometry transform matrixes in order to correctly compute the values of each color plane, and take the best profit of subpixel rendering with the lowest chromatic aliasing.

Examples示例

Photos were taken with a Canon PowerShot A470 digital camera using "Super Macro" mode and 4.0× digital zoom. The screen used was that integrated into a Lenovo G550 laptop. Note that the display has RGB pixels. Displays exist in all four patterns horizontal RGB/BGR and vertical RGB/BGR but horizontal RGB is the most common. In addition, several color subpixel patterns have been developed specifically to take advantage of subpixel rendering. The best known of these is the PenTile matrix family of patterns.

The composite photographs below show three methods of fonts rendering for comparison. From top: Monochrome; Traditional (whole pixel) spatial anti-aliasing; Subpixel rendering.

• 
  Composite macro photograph of three types of rendering for e: monochrome, traditional antialiasing, subpixel rendering (from top)
• 
  Composite macro photograph of three types of rendering for is: monochrome, traditional antialiasing, subpixel rendering (from top)
• 
  Composite macro photograph of three types of rendering for w: monochrome, traditional antialiasing, subpixel rendering (from top)

• 
  Lower case e subpixel rendered with FreeType
• 
  Lower case is subpixel rendered with FreeType
• 
  Lower case w subpixel rendered with FreeType
• 
  Clear Type activated on a TFT
• 
  No subpixel rendering on a TFT
• 
  A subpixel accurate gradient.

See also参见

• CoolType
• Font rasterization
• Kell factor
• Sub-pixel resolution

External links外部链接

• Former IBM researcher Ron Feigenblatt's remarks on Microsoft ClearType
• Pixel Borrowing, ClearType and Antialiasing at the Wayback Machine (archived October 12, 2007)
• John Daggett's Subpixel Explorer—requires Firefox to display properly
• Texts Rasterization Exposures Article from the Anti-Grain Geometry Project.
• Engelhardt, Thomas (2013). "Low-Cost Subpixel Rendering for Diverse Displays". Computer Graphics Forum. 33 (1): 199–209. doi:10.1111/cgf.12267. http://jankautz.com/publications/SubpixelCGF13.pdf
• http://www.cahk.hk/innovationforum/subpixel_rendering.pdf