This article laid the groundwork for understanding the private sector on the compound challenges that change over time by different groups, events, and individuals to meet the need for water and sanitation efforts. This adds to Tanzania's specific to the impacts due to water privatization.
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[Copied from Water privatization in Dar es Salaam]
editWater privatization in Dar es Salaam began with the award of a 10-year lease contract signed in 2003 for Dar es Salaam, the largest city and former capital of Tanzania. It was signed between the government of Tanzania and City Water, a consortium consisting of the former British firm Biwater, Gauff Engineers from Germany and a Tanzanian company called Superdoll. The Tanzanian government terminated the lease contract in May 2005 amid mutual allegations of breach of contract, and deported the three top executives of City Water.[1] Though the stated goals of privatizing and liberalizing were to lower costs and increase safe water access, in fact Biwater imposed higher fees and needed more water infrastructure, resulting in less availability and a lack of transparency. [2]
History
editAccording to a report of ActionAid, before privatization "the water system in Dar es Salaam was hardly a model of public sector efficiency." Until 1991, water was provided for free, except for some high income areas. The system was characterized by "disrepair, a lack of investment, high levels of wastage, and very poor levels of service coverage". In 1997 the semi-autonomous utility DAWASA was created and water tariffs were introduced for all users. According to the report, "DAWASA proved to be no better than its predecessor, and the wastage and disrepair reached crisis levels." By 2003 "only 98,000 households in a city of 2.5 million people had house connections. Only 26% of water was being billed, 60% was lost through leaks, and a further 13% through unauthorized use, illegal taps and non-payers. Even those with connections only received water irregularly, and the water quality was poor. In low-income areas, the vast majority of households had no water connection at all, relying instead on buying water from kiosks, water vendors or their neighbours, at more than three times the price."[3]
The Dublin Statement of 1992 pushed for more participatory engagement within policy framing for water in countries around the world.[4] In Tanzania, water access was being monitored as part of international development loan conditions. Simultaneously, the entire globe was in an economic crisis.[5] However, the World Bank pushed the Structural Adjustment Program to alleviate the crisis, which in turn led to water privatization and increase in poverty levels [6]
Impact
editWater in Tanzania has become a costly commodity: while paying exorbitant water bills, many were forced to buy water from other private vendors at even higher rates.[2] If customers failed to pay their water bills, Water Officers would shut off water supply.[2]
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Lead
editThough the stated goals of privatizing and liberalizing were to lower costs and increase safe water access, in fact Biwater imposed higher fees and needed more water infrastructure, resulting in less availability and a lack of transparency. [7]
editReferences
edit- ^ The Guardian: Tanzania wins £3m damages from Biwater subsidiary, 11 January 2008
- ^ a b c Kjellén, Marianne (2006). From public pipes to private hands: water access and distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Thesis). Stockholm: Stockholm university, Department of human geography. ISBN 9185445436.
- ^ Greenhill, R. and Wekiya, I. (2004). Turning off the taps : donor conditionality and water privatisation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, London, UK, ActionAid, p. 5
- ^ Woodhouse, Philip; Muller, Mike (2017). "Water Governance—An Historical Perspective on Current Debates". World Development. 92 (1): 225–241. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.014 – via Research Gate.
- ^ Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Fisher, Michael; Luyendijk, Rolf; Hossain, Rifat; Wardlaw, Tessa; Gordon, Bruce (2014-08-11). "Global Monitoring of Water Supply and Sanitation: History, Methods and Future Challenges". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (8): 8137–8165. doi:10.3390/ijerph110808137. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 4143854. PMID 25116635.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Husain, Ishrat; Faruqee, Rashid, eds. (1994). Adjustment in Africa: lessons from country case studies. World Bank regional and sectoral studies. Washington, D.C: World Bank. ISBN 978-0-8213-2787-6.
- ^ Kjellén, Marianne (2006). From public pipes to private hands: water access and distribution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Thesis). Stockholm: Stockholm university, Department of human geography. ISBN 9185445436.