User:AlexField290/International involvement in the Nigerian Civil War

Nigerian Civil War
Location	Nigeria
Belligerents
Nigeria; Egypt (until 1969); Material support:; United Kingdom; Soviet Union; East Germany; Israel (until 1968); Czechoslovakia; (from 1968); PLO (from 1968); Canada; Poland; Bulgaria; Algeria; Cameroon; Saudi Arabia; Syria; Diplomatic support:; United States; Chad; Dahomey; DR Congo; Ethiopia; Niger; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; Sudan; Togo; Uganda; OAU;	Biafra; Benin (1967); Material support:; France; China; West Germany; Israel (from 1968); Czechoslovakia; (until 1968); Norway; Spain; Portugal; South Africa; Rhodesia; Ireland; Vatican City; Diplomatic support:; Gabon; Haiti; Ivory Coast; Tanzania; Zambia; Non-state support:; Joint Church Aid; Holy Ghost Fathers; Caritas Internationalis; Catholic Relief Services; Médecins Sans Frontières;

The Nigerian Civil War saw international involvement by almost all major powers.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Stremlau, John (2015). The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400871285. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Enuka, Chuka; Odife, Ikenna (2009). "The Nigerian Civil War as a Domestic Determinant of Nigeria's Foreign Policy 1967-1975". African Journals Online. eISSN 1595-1413. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
^ Stent, Angela (1973). "The Soviet Union and the Nigerian Civil War: A Triumph of Realism". A Journal of Opinion. 3. Cambridge University Press: 43–48. JSTOR 1166627.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Orobator, S.E. (1983). "The Nigerian Civil War and the Invasion of Czechoslovakia". African Affairs. Oxford University Press. JSTOR 721404.
^ ^a ^b Levey, Zach (2014). "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra civil war, 1967–70". Journal of Genocide Research. 16. Routledge. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936704.
^ "Nigeria's historic support for Palestinian rights". The Sudan Times. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
^ "(Nigeria 1968)". Government of Canada. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ Grillot, Suzette; Apostolova, Dessie (2003). "Light weapons, long reach: Bulgaria's role in the global spread and control of small arms". Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans. 5. Routledge: 279–297. doi:10.1080/14613190310001610742.
^ Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert (2006). Biafra Revisited. African Renaissance. p. 5. ISBN 9780955205002.
^ Kofele-Kale, Ndivia (1981). "Cameroon and Its Foreign Relations". African Affairs. 80. Oxford University Press: 196–217. JSTOR 721321.
^ Konings, Piet (2005). "The Anglophone Cameroon-Nigeria Boundary: Opportunities and Conflicts". African Affairs. 104. Oxford University Press: 275–301. JSTOR 3518445.
^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2017). The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781440842948.
^ "Nigeria: Goodwill Delegation from Dahomey Led by Foreign Minister Meets General Gowon". Pathé News. 24 August 1967. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ "Ghana: President Mobutu Leaves for Congo After Nigerian Civil War Talks With General Ankrah". Pathé News. 26 April 1968. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
^ Sadleman, Stephen (2000). The Ties That Divide Us. Columbia University Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780231122290.
^ "Niger: Preliminary Talks for Nigerian Peace Negotiations". Pathé News. 22 July 1968. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ "Ethiopia: Sierra Leone Special Envoy Comments on Collapse of Nigerian Civil War Talks". Pathé News. 21 December 1969. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ "Nigeria: Togolese President Arrives for One-Day Peace Mission". Pathé News. 3 May 1968. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ "Kenya: President Obete of Uganda Leaves Nairobi After Four Nation Appeal for Halt to Nigerian Civil War". Pathé News. 9 July 1967. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ Kamanu, Onyeonoro S. (1974). "Secession and the Right of Self-Determination: an O.A.U. Dilemma". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 12: 373. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00009678. ISSN 1469-7777.
^ Olawoyin (1971). Historical Analysis of Nigeria–Biafra Conflict. pp. 137–139.
^ Griffin, Christopher (2015). "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970". Taylor & Francis. 26. doi:10.1080/09592318.2014.959766. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
^ Diamond, Stanley (2007). "Who Killed Biafra?". Dialectical Anthropology. Springer Science+Business Media: 339–362. doi:10.1007/s10624-007-9014-9. JSTOR 29790795. S2CID 144828601.
^ Hanning, Florian (2017). Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 9780367348595.
^ "Norwegian Church Aid - History". Observatoire de l'Action Humanitaire. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
^ Dale, Penny; Uwonkunda, Victoria (28 November 2017). "Nigeria's love affair with a Norwegian fish". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
^ Doggett, Peter (2007). There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture. Canongate Books. p. 2013. ISBN 9781847676450.
^ Omaka, Arua (2019). "Through the Imperial Lens: The Role of Portugal in the Nigeria-Biafra War". Project MUSE. 36. University of Florida Press. doi:10.1353/gss.2019.0009.
^ Lynch, Hollis (7 January 1973). "Complementary views of the Nigerian civil war". The New York Times. p. 30. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
^ White, Luise (2015). Unpopular sovereignty: Rhodesian independence and African decolonization (3rd ed.). University of Chicago. ISBN 9780226235226.
^ Horgan, Josh (20 May 2017). "How Ireland got involved in a Nigerian civil war". The Irish Times. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
^ Bateman, Fiona (2012). "Ireland and the Nigeria-Biafra War: Local Connections to a Distant Conflict". New Hibernia Review. 16. University of St. Thomas: 48–67. JSTOR 23266639.
^ Nwaka, Jacinta (2013). "The Catholic Church, the Nigerian Civil War, and the Beginning of Organized Lay Apostolate Groups Among the Igbos of Southeastern Nigeria". The Catholic Historical Review. 99. Catholic University of America Press: 78–95. JSTOR 23565500.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ijalaye, David (1971). "Was "Biafra" at Any Time a State in International Law?". The American Journal of International Law. 65. Cambridge University Press: 553–554. JSTOR 2198977.

[Int._politics-1] Stremlau, John (2015). The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400871285. Retrieved 16 May 2024.

[Enuka_Odife-2] Enuka, Chuka; Odife, Ikenna (2009). "The Nigerian Civil War as a Domestic Determinant of Nigeria's Foreign Policy 1967-1975". African Journals Online. eISSN 1595-1413. Retrieved 16 May 2024.

[USSR-3] Stent, Angela (1973). "The Soviet Union and the Nigerian Civil War: A Triumph of Realism". A Journal of Opinion. 3. Cambridge University Press: 43–48. JSTOR 1166627.

[Czechoslovakia-4] Orobator, S.E. (1983). "The Nigerian Civil War and the Invasion of Czechoslovakia". African Affairs. Oxford University Press. JSTOR 721404.

[Israel-5] Levey, Zach (2014). "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra civil war, 1967–70". Journal of Genocide Research. 16. Routledge. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936704.

[6] "Nigeria's historic support for Palestinian rights". The Sudan Times. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.

[7] "(Nigeria 1968)". Government of Canada. Retrieved 21 May 2024.

[8] Grillot, Suzette; Apostolova, Dessie (2003). "Light weapons, long reach: Bulgaria's role in the global spread and control of small arms". Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans. 5. Routledge: 279–297. doi:10.1080/14613190310001610742.

[9] Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert (2006). Biafra Revisited. African Renaissance. p. 5. ISBN 9780955205002.

[10] Kofele-Kale, Ndivia (1981). "Cameroon and Its Foreign Relations". African Affairs. 80. Oxford University Press: 196–217. JSTOR 721321.

[11] Konings, Piet (2005). "The Anglophone Cameroon-Nigeria Boundary: Opportunities and Conflicts". African Affairs. 104. Oxford University Press: 275–301. JSTOR 3518445.

[12] Tucker, Spencer C. (2017). The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781440842948.

[13] "Nigeria: Goodwill Delegation from Dahomey Led by Foreign Minister Meets General Gowon". Pathé News. 24 August 1967. Retrieved 21 May 2024.

[14] "Ghana: President Mobutu Leaves for Congo After Nigerian Civil War Talks With General Ankrah". Pathé News. 26 April 1968. Retrieved 19 May 2024.

[15] Sadleman, Stephen (2000). The Ties That Divide Us. Columbia University Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780231122290.

[16] "Niger: Preliminary Talks for Nigerian Peace Negotiations". Pathé News. 22 July 1968. Retrieved 21 May 2024.

[17] "Ethiopia: Sierra Leone Special Envoy Comments on Collapse of Nigerian Civil War Talks". Pathé News. 21 December 1969. Retrieved 21 May 2024.

[18] "Nigeria: Togolese President Arrives for One-Day Peace Mission". Pathé News. 3 May 1968. Retrieved 21 May 2024.

[19] "Kenya: President Obete of Uganda Leaves Nairobi After Four Nation Appeal for Halt to Nigerian Civil War". Pathé News. 9 July 1967. Retrieved 21 May 2024.

[20] Kamanu, Onyeonoro S. (1974). "Secession and the Right of Self-Determination: an O.A.U. Dilemma". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 12: 373. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00009678. ISSN 1469-7777.

[21] Olawoyin (1971). Historical Analysis of Nigeria–Biafra Conflict. pp. 137–139.

[22] Griffin, Christopher (2015). "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970". Taylor & Francis. 26. doi:10.1080/09592318.2014.959766. Retrieved 16 May 2024.

[23] Diamond, Stanley (2007). "Who Killed Biafra?". Dialectical Anthropology. Springer Science+Business Media: 339–362. doi:10.1007/s10624-007-9014-9. JSTOR 29790795. S2CID 144828601.

[24] Hanning, Florian (2017). Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 9780367348595.

[25] "Norwegian Church Aid - History". Observatoire de l'Action Humanitaire. Retrieved 20 May 2024.

[26] Dale, Penny; Uwonkunda, Victoria (28 November 2017). "Nigeria's love affair with a Norwegian fish". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 20 May 2024.

[27] Doggett, Peter (2007). There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture. Canongate Books. p. 2013. ISBN 9781847676450.

[28] Omaka, Arua (2019). "Through the Imperial Lens: The Role of Portugal in the Nigeria-Biafra War". Project MUSE. 36. University of Florida Press. doi:10.1353/gss.2019.0009.

[29] Lynch, Hollis (7 January 1973). "Complementary views of the Nigerian civil war". The New York Times. p. 30. Retrieved 19 May 2024.

[30] White, Luise (2015). Unpopular sovereignty: Rhodesian independence and African decolonization (3rd ed.). University of Chicago. ISBN 9780226235226.

[31] Horgan, Josh (20 May 2017). "How Ireland got involved in a Nigerian civil war". The Irish Times. Retrieved 19 May 2024.

[32] Bateman, Fiona (2012). "Ireland and the Nigeria-Biafra War: Local Connections to a Distant Conflict". New Hibernia Review. 16. University of St. Thomas: 48–67. JSTOR 23266639.

[33] Nwaka, Jacinta (2013). "The Catholic Church, the Nigerian Civil War, and the Beginning of Organized Lay Apostolate Groups Among the Igbos of Southeastern Nigeria". The Catholic Historical Review. 99. Catholic University of America Press: 78–95. JSTOR 23565500.

[diplomatic-34] Ijalaye, David (1971). "Was "Biafra" at Any Time a State in International Law?". The American Journal of International Law. 65. Cambridge University Press: 553–554. JSTOR 2198977.

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