User:Ali Ahwazi/sandbox1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States

First wave

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……………………………. Causes https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/US_timeline._Deaths_involving_other_synthetic_opioids%2C_predominately_Fentanyl.jpg …………………………………… Naloxone

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States

HIGH POINT, NORTH CAROLINA: Jan. 7 A 45-year-old man fatally shot his wife and three children and then himself. Authorities said all five lived together in the home. Two others escaped the house. One of the survivors was a relative of the family and another was an acquaintance. Both were in their 20s. ……… HONOLULU, HAWAII: March 10

Authorities said a woman and three children ages 10, 12 and 17 were fatally stabbed in a Manoa home. The woman’s husband was also found dead. Police said a preliminary investigation shows the husband fatally stabbed his wife and children. Authorities did not immediately share a motive. Police said the five deaths mark the state’s worst mass killing since 1999. They said there was no history of domestic calls to the residence. 5 dead 0 injured total 5 ^[1] ……………………………….. KING CITY, CALIFORNIA: March 3

Police said 3 men with dark masks got out of a silver Kia and opened fire at an outdoor party in central California, killing four people — three men and a woman — and wounding seven others. The shooting happened on a street with modest homes facing a commercial district. About 14,000 people live in King City, which sits in farm country on the inland side of coastal mountains and is known as a gateway to Pinnacles National Park. 4 dead 7 injured total 11 ^[2] ………………………………… BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA: Feb. 16

Officials said four men were killed in a drive-by shooting in a neighborhood. Dozens of shots were fired outside a Birmingham home, police said. A group had been standing outside of a house as people got their cars washed when someone drove by and opened fire. No arrests were immediately reported. 4 dead 0 injured total 4 ^[3] …… HUNTINGTON PARK, CALIFORNIA: Feb. 11 Shootings over several hours left four people dead: a man in Bell, a man in a Los Angeles shopping center parking lot, a 14-year-old boy in Cudahy, and a homeless man in Huntington Park, authorities said. At least one other juvenile was wounded. Two suspected gang members were arrested in connection with the shootings, authorities said. 4 dead 1 injured total 5 ^[4] ……………………………………… EAST LANSDOWNE, PENNSYLVANIA: Feb. 7 Six sets of human remains were recovered from the ashes of a fire that destroyed a home about 5 miles (8 kilometers) from Philadelphia, according to the county district attorney’s office. Authorities suspect the family members who died — including three children — were killed by a 43-year-old male relative who also died after shooting and wounding two police officers, the office added. A motive was not immediately identified. 4 dead 2 injured total 6 ^[5] ………………………….. TINLEY PARK, ILLINOIS: Jan. 21

A 63-year-old man in suburban Chicago killed his wife and three adult daughters a domestic-related shooting, police said. The man allegedly shot the four family members — ages 53, 24 and two 25-year-old twins — after an argument at their home. He was charged with four counts of first-degree murder. 4 dead 0 injured total 4 ^[6] …………………………………………………………………………….. RICHMOND, TEXAS: Jan. 13 A 46-year-old man fatally shot his estranged wife and three other relatives, including his 8-year-old niece, at a home in suburban Houston before killing himself, authorities said. The man opened fire at the home just before 7 a.m. that Saturday after returning his young child from a visit. Authorities said that after arriving at the home, he told his estranged wife that he wanted to reunite, but she refused. In addition to killing his niece and estranged wife, he also killed her brother and sister, ages 43 and 46. 4 dead 0 injured total 4 ^[7]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentally_ill_people_in_United_States_jails_and_prisons

................... Legal aspects

Current laws

The role of the police.

A large proportion of acutely mentally ill persons come first to the attention of the police. Even if the police consider the problem to be mental illness, the mental health option can involve problems and irritants. There may be long waiting periods in emergency rooms during which police officers cannot attend to other duties. Mental health professionals may question the judgment of police and refuse admission, or they may admit for only a brief hospital stay a person who just a short time before constituted a clear menace to the community. On the other hand, the police know very well that if they refer a psychiatric case to the criminal justice system, the offender will be dealt with in a more systematic way. He or she will be taken into custody, will probably be seen by a mental health professional attached to the court or in the jail, and will probably receive psychiatric evaluation and treatment. Thus arrest is a response with which police are familiar, one over which they have more control, and one that they believe will lead to an appropriate disposition. Moreover, when persons who are socially disruptive are excluded from psychiatric facilities, the criminal justice system becomes the system “that can't say no”. ^[8]

Criminalization With regard to minor offenses, a number of factors have been proposed to explain why a mentally ill person is arrested rather than taken to a hospital. A person who appears mentally ill to a mental health professional may not appear so to police officers, who, despite their practical experience, have not had sufficient training in dealing with this population and are still laypersons in these matters. Also, mental illness may appear to the police as simply alcohol or drug intoxication, especially if the mentally ill person has been using drugs or alcohol at the time of arrest. Still another factor is that in the heat and confusion of an encounter with the police and other citizens, which may include forcibly subduing the offender, signs of mental illness may go unnoticed. In addition, law enforcement officers may be more inclined to take mentally ill persons to jail if they believe no appropriate community alternatives are available, a practice that has been referred to as “mercy booking.” Although this practice may be viewed as unconstitutional, the vast majority of states have not enacted legislation against detaining noncriminal mentally ill people in jail. ^[9] ................................... Community standpoint and outcome The demands of citizens also come into play. Many retail stores have a policy that anyone caught shoplifting should go to jail, and store managers are instructed to make a citizen's arrest and call the police without exception. In another kind of situation, people who have just been assaulted by a psychotic person are frequently not inclined to be sympathetic to their assailant even when mental disturbance is evident. Thus an angry citizen may insist on signing a citizen's arrest and having the person taken to jail. ^[10] .............................. Community standpoint and outcome The public has traditionally believed that any sentence other than prison is too lenient for serious offenders, even if they are mentally ill (83). Moreover, some view mental illness as volitional and perhaps a deliberate attempt to avoid punishment (84,85). Still another important factor is the public's fear of mentally ill persons who commit criminal offenses. The public's growing intolerance of perpetrators, whether mentally ill or not, is demonstrated by its acceptance of and desire for more restrictive detention laws for offenders. With respect to offenders with mental disorders, some states have repealed sexual psychopathology laws that permitted mental health treatment for sex offenders rather than criminal processing and imprisonment. Diminished capacity, which can be a factor in granting a more lenient sentence, has also been repealed in a number of states. Moreover, legislation has been passed whereby offenders with mental disorders in prison can have their periods of social control extended if they are identified as dangerous before their parole date or the expiration of their sentence. For example, in California mentally ill offenders considered to be dangerous (86) and sexually violent predators (87) are usually transferred on their parole date or on expiration of their sentence to state mental hospitals, where they are confined for treatment for renewable periods of one or two years. In our opinion, these laws reflect the attitudes of society toward mentally ill offenders.

Although psychiatric interventions exist in the criminal justice system, mentally ill persons are more strictly controlled in that system than are patients in psychiatric hospitals (57). Moreover, the criminal justice system, despite protestations to the contrary, appears to have little interest in decriminalizing persons with psychiatric disorders even though they represent a considerable burden and utilize scarce resources. In a thoughtful article, Laberge and Morin (57) observed that a general decriminalization of psychiatric cases would threaten the criminal justice system to its foundations because such an approach might be perceived as undermining the principle of equality of all before the law. ^[11]

Lead People with mental illnesses are understood to be overrepresented in the U.S. criminal justice system, and estimates of the prevalence of mental illnesses in corrections settings are crucial for planning and implementing preventive and diversionary policies and programs. Despite consistent scholarly attention, two federal self-report surveys are typically cited, and these may not represent the extent of relevant data. This systematic review identifies studies that assess the prevalence of mental illnesses in U.S. state prisons, in order to develop a broader picture of prison prevalence and identify methodological challenges to obtaining accurate and consistent estimates. ^[12] .......................................... Legal aspects The National Institute of Justice defines reentry as “the transition from life in jail or prison to life in the community.” Offenders returning to the community from periods of incarceration can have a significant impact on public safety in their communities; one way to reduce this impact is by addressing the barriers to successful reentry. One of these barriers is mental illness. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, 21 percent of U.S. adults, or 52.9 million people, experienced mental illness in 2020. For incarcerated people, those rates are much higher; the American Psychological Association reports that “64 percent of jail inmates, 54 percent of state prisoners, and 45 percent of federal prisoners” have reported mental health concerns. Approximately half the people in U.S. jails and over one third of the population of U.S. prisons have been diagnosed with a mental illness. During reentry, mental illness complicates an already difficult path for prisoners returning home.

The Court Services Offender Supervision Agency (CSOSA) in Washington, D.C., recognizes the importance of integrating mental health needs with community supervision. Marcus Hodges, Associate Director of the Office of Community Supervision & Intervention Services (OCSIS), discussed how CSOSA works to create successful outcomes for offenders with a history of mental illness. Director Hodges believes that lack of communication and information sharing is one of the greatest barriers to successful reentry, for offenders with and without mental illness. Hodges stated that, “Communication within community corrections is sometimes not the best; there have been great strides, but communication about high-needs persons who need services right away should be improved. People coming back into the community should not have to just get in line, they should be able to get the services that they need immediately.”

One thing CSOSA does to mitigate this problem, according to Director Hodges, is to begin the reentry process up to six months before an offender’s release into the community. By starting the reentry this early, CSOSA can establish a plan for identifying and coordinating necessary services so that they are available to offenders upon release. Hodges also notes that enhanced communication efforts between the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and CSOSA has allowed for improved transitions for inmates returning to Washington, D.C., from various BOP facilities. Additionally, collaborative efforts between corrections agencies, community-based organizations, and community partners have supported the development of a growing network and reentry community. According to Hodges, “Corrections is not a perfect entity, and the corrections community needs to consistently seek and receive information from the community at large to bridge the gap between corrections and community.” In addition to addressing barriers created by the lack of communication among corrections entities and between corrections and the community, CSOSA has created two behavioral health teams. This behavioral health unit merges community corrections and mental health services to ensure that offenders can remain stable in the community. The efforts of the Behavioral Health Unit support the enhancement of public safety and reduction of recidivism, both integral parts of CSOSA’s mission. ^[13] .........................................................

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rampage_killers_in_the_United_States

Arcan Cetin September 23, 2016 Five people die Location:Washington state mall in Burlington, an hour north of Seattle Fate: Suspect Arcan Cetin, 20, is taken into custody after a nearly 24-hour manhunt. He later commits suicide in jail. ^[14] ………………………………………………………….. Micah Xavier Johnson July 7-8, 2016 Five police officers are killed-Seven other officers and two civilians are wounded Location: downtown Dallas Fate: After a lengthy standoff with police in a parking garage, a police bomb squad robot kills the gunman. The attacker is identified as Micah Xavier Johnson, 25, an Army veteran who'd served in Afghanistan. ^[15] …………………………………………………………..

Omar Saddiqui Mateen June 12, 2016 killing 49 people and wounding more than 50. Location: a gay nightclub, in Orlando Fate: After a standoff of about three hours, police crash into the building with an armored vehicle and kill Mateen. ^[16] ………………………………………………………………………. Pablo Antonio Serrano-Vitorino March 8, 2016 Location: Kansas City, Kansas Four people are killed in Kansas City, Kansas, and a fifth is gunned down in Missouri Fate: He had been deported to Mexico in 2004 but returned to the United States illegally. Although Immigrations and Customs Enforcement received notice that Serrano-Vitorino was back, he was not apprehended on return due to a paperwork error. ^[17] ………………………………………………….. Married couple Syed Rizwan Farook, 28, and Tashfeen Malik, 29 December 2, 2015 at Inland Regional Center in San Bernardino, California killing 14 people Fate: Farook and Malik are later gunned down by police. ^[18] …………………………………………………………………………… Christopher Sean Harper-Mercer October 1, 2015 Nine killed Location: Umpqua Community College in Roseburg, Oregon Fate: Six weapons are found at the college, where Harper-Mercer dies after a gun battle with police. ^[19] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Mohammad Abdulazeez July 16, 2015 Location: naval reserve facility in Chattanooga, Tennessee 5 killed Fate: Abdulazeez is shot and killed by police. ^[20] ……………………………………………. Dylann Roof June 17, 2015 Location: Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, in Charleston, South Carolina nine people killed Fate: Roof is arrested the following day about 245 miles away in Shelby, North Carolina. He confesses and tells investigators he wanted to start a race war. Roof is later convicted of murder and hate crimes in federal court and is sentenced to death. He would be the first person executed for committing federal hate crimes. ^[21] …………………………………………………………. Aaron Alexis September 16, 2013 Twelve people are killed Location: at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington Fate: The shooter, Aaron Alexis, 34, is also killed. ^[22] ………………………………………………………. John Zawahri June 7, 2013 Santa Monica, California five people are killed Fate: The suspect, John Zawahri, 23, armed with an assault rifle, is killed by police. ^[23] ………………………………………………………………………………….. Wade Michael Page August 5, 2012 Location: Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin Six people are killed and four wounded Fate: Page dies from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. ^[24]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_in_Iran

The geographical position of the Islamic Republics of Iran and Pakistan, as neighbouring countries of Afghanistan, the main producer of opium at the global level, remains critical. To tackle the challenge of Afghan opiates trafficking more effectively, UNODC had brokered the Triangular Initiative (TI) among drug control authorities and counternarcotics authorities of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan in June 2007. This UNODC-facilitated TI umbrella of regional cooperation aims to operationally engage the three countries in finding field-oriented solutions to the transnational threat posed by the global trafficking of Afghan opiates, as well as the diversion and smuggling of associated precursor chemicals. The response agreed and implemented by the three member states under the TI umbrella aims to target, at the source, the trafficking and smuggling of Afghan-origin opium, morphine, and heroin, two-thirds of which is trafficked through Iran and Pakistan to regional and European markets and the rest of the world. The Islamic Republics of Iran and Pakistan have been closely planning and collaborating to implement mutually agreed technical cooperation such as regular information sharing and simultaneous counternarcotics operations under this UNODC-facilitated regional framework over several years. For instance, according to the World Drug Report 2022, Iran made 47 percent of the global heroin and morphine seizures originating from Afghanistan during 2020, while Pakistan made 29 percent of the global heroin and morphine seizures during the same period. ^[25] ……………………………………………………………………………………….. Thus far, under the facilitation of UNODC, the three parties have held 13 sessions of the TI Senior Officials Meeting and 8 sessions of the TI Ministerial Meeting. On the margins of the recently held 66th Session of the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs in Vienna, Austria (13-17 March 2023), the Secretary General of the Drug Control Headquarters of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Federal Minister of Narcotics Control of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan met and they agreed to hold the new round of discussions in Tehran. On 13 June 2023, the 14th Session of the TI Senior Officials Meeting was organized in Tehran. This Senior Officials Meeting aimed at (i) brainstorming the existing and the emerging counter-narcotics threats and challenges, such as rising trends in illicit production and trafficking of opiates, amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) and new psychotropic substances (NPS) from Afghanistan and (ii) formulating a joint Iran-Pakistan counternarcotics strategy to address those threats and challenges more effectively. The Head of Anti-Narcotics Police of Iran and the Head of the Anti-Narcotics Force of Pakistan came together, and their respective delegations had technical exchanges to draft recommendations on the way-forward for 2023-2024, for approval at the TI Ministerial Meeting held on the next day. For instance, the senior officials recalled the steps taken since June 2007, under the TI framework, to tackle the challenges posed by the cultivation, production, and trafficking of illicit drugs originating from Afghanistan, based on the principle of common and shared responsibility. They stressed the importance of enhanced regional and international cooperation to counter the trafficking of drugs in the region that originates from Afghanistan and the smuggling of precursor chemicals from producing countries into Afghanistan. ^[26]

……………………………………………………… On 14 June 2023, the 9th TI Ministerial Meeting was opened by the Secretary General of the Drug Control Headquarter of Iran and the Federal Minister of Narcotics Control of Pakistan. Endorsing the set of recommendations as proposed by the TI Senior Officials Meeting, both heads of delegations recalled the steps taken since June 2007, under the framework of the TI, based on the principle of common and shared responsibility. They stressed the importance of enhanced regional and international cooperation to counter the trafficking of drugs in the region that originates in Afghanistan and the trafficking of precursors from producing countries into Afghanistan. Furthermore, both high-level authorities encouraged the international community to enhance their financial and technical assistance and provision of needed relevant technologies to the Islamic Republics of Iran and Pakistan, as the front-line countries for more effective interdiction of drug trafficking emanating from the region to the rest of the world.

In his remarks, Mr. Eskandar Momeni, Secretary General of the Drug Control Headquarters of the Islamic Republic of Iran highlighted the importance of border patrolling and valued regional and international cooperation to enhance the response against drug trafficking emanating from Afghanistan. He stressed that while the authorities of Iran and Pakistan remained committed in their joint response, it was important to hold the governing authorities in Afghanistan accountable for cultivation, production and trafficking of narcotic drugs from Afghanistan to Iran, Pakistan and beyond. The Federal Minister Nawabzada Shazain Bugti of the Ministry of Narcotics Control of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan highlighted the commitments of the Government of Pakistan in border patrolling and pinpointed the need to reduce drugs supply, as well as appealed to the international community to increase their support to UNODC’s Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighboring Countries, for sustaining regional cooperation under the UNODC-facilitated TI framework. In the margins of the main events, the Federal Minister of Narcotics Control of Pakistan had two separate field visits to the Iran National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS- Regional Capacity Building and Research Centre) and the Soroush Rehabilitation and Treatment Center. During the visits, he was provided with detailed information on the developments of the counter-narcotics plans, programmes and projects at the national and regional levels by the Islamic Republic of Iran. In addition, Mr. Bugti also met Brigadier General Ahmad Reza Radan, the Chief Commander of the Police services of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Both leaders reviewed the developments of the international borders of Iran and Pakistan with Afghanistan and outlined the needs of the law enforcement bodies and border forces, to curtail the menace of Afghan-origin drug trafficking and smuggling through those borders. These meetings were facilitated by the UNODC Country Offices in Iran and Pakistan, in close coordination with the Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighboring Countries. They collaborated and engaged with the respective sides, i.e., the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Drug Control Headquarters and the Anti-Narcotics Police of Iran, as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Narcotics Control and the Anti-Narcotics Force of Pakistan.

^[27] ………………………………………………………………….. “According to the Iranian Human Rights Headquarters, more than 90% of the smuggled opium, 72% of the world’s smuggled morphine, and 20% of the world’s smuggled heroin is discovered by the Islamic Republic of Iran,” Hamid Reza Dehghani wrote in a post on his Twitter page. Ambassador Dehghani added, “Iran is the main flag bearer of the fight against drugs. Iran has suffered a lot of material and moral damage in the fight against drug trafficking." As reported by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Iran spends millions of dollars annually on border control, including for the construction of expensive barriers along its borders with Afghanistan and Pakistan. More than 3,700 Iranian law enforcement forces have been killed and over 12,000 have been maimed in counter-narcotics operations over the last three decades. Since the beginning of 2012, there have been an increasing number of reports made by the drug enforcement authorities of Iran, Pakistan and the Persian Gulf Arab states on the illegal use of maritime transport for the trafficking of drugs and illicit chemicals from/to the region. ^[28] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… TEHRAN – Given the withdrawal of Europeans from Afghanistan, the rulers must be held accountable for smuggling and transit of narcotics under border agreements, Qassem Rezaei, deputy commander of the Police Force, has said. What is expected of the ruling authorities in Afghanistan is to control the borders and to be responsible for unauthorized traffic, he added. Also be responsible for insecurity and anything that happens on the eastern borders, because according to border treaties and agreements are obliged to be accountable to Iranian border guards, although our border guards are fully prepared and if necessary, we use the forces of other organizations in this regard, Rezaei highlighted. Afghanistan’s control over drug transit is our serious expectation, he noted, highlighting, some 200 tons of narcotics were produced in Afghanistan before the presence of Europeans, now it has reached over 8,000 tons, which is at least 40 times more. Despite the coronavirus restrictions and the imposition of harsh sanctions, Iran, with sincere efforts, managed to seize an unprecedented record of more than 1140 tons of narcotics in 2020, which compared to 2019, shows a 41 percent increase in discoveries. ^[29] ………………………………………………….. Iran is the leading country in the fight against narcotics worldwide; despite its proximity to Afghanistan, which is the largest producer of narcotics. According to the UN Office, the Islamic Republic's continuous efforts to combat narcotics trafficking came up with the seizure of more than 90 percent of opium, 70 percent of morphine, and 20 percent of world heroin. Despite the conditions caused by the coronavirus outbreak and the imposition of harsh sanctions against the country, fortunately, with the efforts of anti-narcotics police in 2020, drug detection increased by 41 percent.

After the Islamic Revolution (in 1979), 3,800 were martyred, 12,000 were wounded and disabled in the fight against drug trafficking. The UNODC has praised Iran’s efforts to fight against narcotics trafficking on the occasion of International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking. The organization also officially announced that the world’s first place in the discovery of opium, heroin, and morphine belongs to Iran.

According to UNODC, Iran remains one of the major transit routes for drug trafficking from Afghanistan to European countries and has had a leading role at the global level in drug-control campaigns. UNODC World Drug Report 2020 estimates that in 2018, 91 percent of world opium, 48 percent of the world morphine, and 26 percent of the world heroin were seized by Iran. ^[30]