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User:Antidiskriminator/Drafts of articles/Myths of Albanian Nationalism

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The ideal community is a righteous and proud Albanian civilisation in which Albanians, as in Ilyrian times, are in control over their ancient lands where they live in religious harmony and natural tranquillity. There might be several religious Communities, but only one Albanian community. The society is free of oppression, imperialism and discrimination and enjoys the international prestige which the nation morally deserves. Both its cultural and territorial boundaries are undisputed. There is no internal dissension and all the members' national loyalty remains uncontested. Here, the Albanians are masters of their own house, and their virtuous leaders never mix religion and politics. In fact religious tolerance and secularism are fundamental to Albanian unity and as such instrumental, but also in accordance with religious doctrine. Besides, the Albanian community creates, maintains and defends civilisation.

— Endresen, Cecilie (2010), Oliver Jens Schmitt (ed.), Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa, vol. 4, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, p. 243, ISBN 978-3-631-60295-9, OCLC 713373642 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Myths of Albanian Nationalism are[1][2][3]:

  • Myth of Skanderbeg
  • Antemurale myth
  • Myth of Indifference to Religion
  • Myth of Origins and Priority or Myth of Provenance
  • Myth of Ethnic Homogeneity and Cultural Purity
  • Myth of Permanent National Struggle

History has important, but not sufficient, place in the construction of the Albanian national identity. Albanian nationalists performed nationalization of history to provide the evidence to the Albanians about their common history. The consequence is limited ability to distinguish myth and history.

Noel Malcolm defines four cornerstone myths of Albanian nationalism as[4]:

  • Commonality of origin
  • Ethnic homogeneity
  • Permanent struggle
  • Religious neutrality

Myth of Skanderbeg

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In "Istori'e Skenderbeut" written by Naim Frasheri in 1898 Skanderbeg's figure assumed a new dimension of the Albanian national hero.
Further information: Myth of Skanderbeg

The Myth of Skanderbeg is the only myth of Albanian nationalism that is based on the person, since all other myths are based on ideas, abstract concepts and collectivism.[5]

There are two different Skanderbegs today - the historic Skanderbeg and a myth of national hero, as presented in Albanian schools and nationalist intellectuals in Tirana and Pristina.[6] The Myth of Skanderbeg is one of the main constitutive myths of the Albanian nationalism.[7][8] Albanian nationalist writers transformed Skanderbeg's figure and deeds into mixture of historical facts, truths, half-truths, inventions and folklore.[9]

Although Skanderbeg has already been used in the construction of the Albanian national code, especially in communities of Arbėresh, it was only after last years of the 19th century and the publishing of the work of Naim Frasheri "Istori'e Skenderbeut" in 1898, when his figure assumed a new dimension.[10] The Albanian nationalists needed an episode from the medieval history for centre of the Albanian nationalistic mythology and they chose Skanderbeg, in the absence of medieval kingdom or empire. [11] The figure of Skanderbeg was subjected to the Albanisation and he was displayed as a national hero. [12] The nationalist writers subjected Skanderbeg to the laboratory which transformed the history into myth.[13]

Borrowings of the national epics and nationalisms of Greeks, Croats and Serbs of Montenegro trough the both northern and southern Albanianists' channels significantly contributed the creation of Skanderbeg as the Albanian national hero.[14] The religious aspect of Skanderbeg's struggle against Muslims was eluded by Albanian nationalists because it could divide Albanians and undermine their unity because Albanians are both Muslims and Christians.[15] Therefore Albanian nationalists selectively used elements of the Skanderbeg's image and painted it as nationalist myth presenting Skanderbeg as hero of the nation.[16]

Myth of Skanderbeg was included in the program of many academic conferences.[17][18][19][20][21] The key question in scientific research of the Myth of Skanderbeg is not its historical basis, or whether it has one at all, but investigating its meanings and purposes.[22] Since Skanderbeg occupies the central place in Albanian national myths it complicates his critical analysis by the historians.[23] Those who dare to perform a critical analysis of Skanderbeg would be soon accused for committing sacrilege and sullying the Albanian national honor.[24]

Antemurale myth

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Further information: Antemurale myth

The Antemurale myth became archetypal myth of the nationhood in Southeastern Europe.[25] Nationalists developed narratives about their nations being an Antemurale Christianitatis who protects the West from the invasion of Islam, while West being ungratefully forgetting this fact.[26]

Skanderbeg is built-in part of the Antemurale myth complex which portrays Albanians united by Skanderbeg as protectors of the nation and Christendom against "invading Turks".[27] In 16th century the "Defence against the Turks" had become central topic in East Central and South East Europe. It was put in functional use and served as propaganda tool and to mobilize religious feelings of the population.[28]

Myth of Indifference to Religion

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Pashko Vasa, the author of the sentence: The religion of the Albanian is Albanianism

"Feja e shqyptarit asht shqyptaria!" (English: The religion of the Albanian is Albanianism)

— O moj Shqypni, a poem by Pashko Vasa
Further information: Myth of Albanian Indifference to Religion

The religion of the Albanian is Albanianism is the core myth and basic narrative which serves as template for other myths and narratives.[29] The Albanian nationalists were in the 19th century faced with a major obstacle to national unity, the fourfold religious division of Albanians who were members of four different religions, Orthodox, Catholics, Sunni Muslims and Bektashi.[30] Althought there could be more religious communities, according to this myth the ideal community exists when there is only one Albanian community. [31]

Development of this myth

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Albanianists were divided by their religion in this period. Before the Young Turk Revolution Muslim Albanianists tried to build non-Turkish identity in order to legitimize their demands in front of the Great Powers in case of collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Orthodox Albaniansts linked their identity with Hellenism.[32]

 
Albanian communist regime under Enver Hoxha adopted the myth of Albanian indifference to religion and promoted its motto.

The Albanianism promoted after 1878 by Naim Frashëri was inspired by Hellenism and later opposed to it. Another form of Albanianism emerged later, on the north of Albania and was inspired by Croatian and Montenegrin nationalism and resulted with anti-Slavic component of Albanianism.[33] An anti-Slavic component of Albanianism was initiated by Albanian Franciscan priests who modified popular epic poetry of Slavs from Austria-Hungary and Montengro and substituted the central motif of their fight against Turks with Albanian fight against Slavs.[34]

Even the communist regime in Albania adopted the myth of religious indifference aiming to reduce the treat of undermining the unity of people in Albania.[35] Durring regime of Enver Hoxha the struggle against religious differences became the struggle against religion. In 1967 when communist regime in Albania attempted to extinguish religion in Albania trough violent campaign which forced Albanians to quit practising their religion. All religious objects were closed or converted to serve other purposes like warehouses, worskhops... It was announced that Albania had become the first atheistic state in the world.[36]

Revival of the religious life was one of the main aspects of the post-communist period in Albania. Despite the popular belief that religion of Albanians is Albanianism, surveys of Albanian population present the information that mayority of Albanians are Muslims and rest of them are Christians.[37]

Consequences of this myth

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Social aspects

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There is a positive aspect of this myth. According to it, the ideal Albanian community constructs Albanians who are "civilised", "pure" and "authentic".[38] It gives legitimization to sympathy communities show to each other.

The negative aspect of this myth is its basis on suspicion of attempts aimed to tear the Albanian nation apart. This myth associate a manipulation of the religion with foreign nations, by associating themselves with other Albanian religious communities. The negative consequences of this myth are that foreign nations are perceived as enemies driven by politics, imperialism or selfish interest to have power over the Albanians whose religious communities are being under big risk to involuntary pursue anti-Albanian interest.[39]

Consequences to other myths of Albanian nationalism

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In constructing the Myth of Skanderbeg the religious aspect of Skanderbeg's struggle against Muslims was eluded by Albanian nationalists because it could divide Albanians and undermine their unity because Albanians are both Muslims and Christians.[40] Therefore Albanian nationalists selectively used elements of the Skanderbeg's image and painted it as nationalist myth presenting Skanderbeg as hero of the nation.[41]

Myth of Origins and Priority

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Albanian nationalism attaches great importance to the possibility of Illyrian contribution to Albanian ethnogenesis. The 19th century idea that Albanians are descendants of Pelasgians[42][43] and that the Etruscans,[44] Illyrians, ancient Macedonians, and Epirotes had a Pelasgian origin are still common in certain Albanian circles. These ideas comprise a national myth that establishes precedence over neighboring peoples (Slavs and Greeks) and allow movements for independence and self-determination, as well as irredentist claims against neighboring countries.[45][46][47][48] Albanian intelligentsia proudly asserted: "We Albanians are the original and autochthonous race of the Balkans. The Slavs are conquerors and immigrants who came but yesterday from Asia."[49]

This myth was reiterated by Albanians on Kosovo who presented themselves as being victims imprisoned in Serbia and Yugoslavia by Slavic occupiers. This enabled their political strategies which effectively also led to their secession.[50]

Myth of Ethnic Homogeneity and Cultural Purity

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Myth of Permanent National Struggle

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Consequences

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...the creation of national myths and memories over the centuries has provided the seedbed for the conflicts in the Balkans, but that such memories can also show the way to an open society and provide hope for the future.

— Fatos Lubonja[51]

Albanian national myth making was focused on the ideology of Blood and soil which, taking in consideration that Albanians escaped effective integration into numerous civilisations at the Balkan peninsula during the history, resulted with multitude of exceptionalist and exclusivist types of national discourse. They help emergence of national myths and ideologies which are ready to tolerate and even legitimize intolerance and violence aimed against the others.[52]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ King, Russell (2008), "Social Exclusion and Integration", Out of Albania: From Crisis Migration to Social Inclusion in Italy, Berghahn Books, p. 212, ISBN 978-1-84545-544-6, ...three main constitutive myths at work within Albanian nationalism ...Secondly, the myth of Skanderbeg, ... {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Steinke, Klaus. "Recension of the The living Skanderbeg : the Albanian hero between myth and history / Monica Genesin ... (eds.) Hamburg : Kovač, 2010 Schriftenreihe Orbis ; Bd. 16" (in German). QUELLE Informationsmittel (IFB) : digitales Rezensionsorgan für Bibliothek und Wissenschaft. Retrieved March 24, 2011. Im nationalen Mythus der Albaner nimmt er den zentralen Platz ein,... {{cite web}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  3. ^ Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2010), Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa, vol. 4, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, p. 217, ISBN 978-3-631-60295-9 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Reginald Byron; Ullrich Kockel (2006). Negotiating Culture: Moving, Mixing and Memory in Contemporary Europe. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 62. ISBN 978-3-8258-8410-9.
  5. ^ Free, Jan, "Skanderbeg als historisher Mythos" (PDF), Von den Schwierigkeiten historischer Bezugnahme: Der albanische Nationalheld Skanderbeg (in German), Düsseldorf: Mythos Magazin, p. 14, retrieved March 25, 2011, Betrachtet man die Gesamtheit der albanischen Nationalmythen, so ist offensichtlich, dass es fur Albaner mehr als nur den Skanderbeg-Mythos gibt und dass nicht nur auf diesem Mythos die albanische Identitat beruht. Es gibt noch weitere wichtige Mythenfiguren, doch diese beziehen sich auf Vorstellungen, abstrakte Konzepte und Kollektive, aber nicht auf Personen. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  6. ^ Jens Schmitt, Oliver. "Skanderbeg Ein Winterkönig an der Zeitenwende" (in German). Retrieved 7 April 2011. Heute gibt es zwei Skanderbegs - den historischen und den zum Nationalhelden erhobenen Mythos, wie er in albanischen Schulen und von nationalistischen Intellektuellen in Tirana oder Prishtina dargestellt wird. Beide haben weniger miteinander zu tun als entfernte Verwandte. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  7. ^ King, Russell (2008), "Social Exclusion and Integration", Out of Albania: From Crisis Migration to Social Inclusion in Italy, Berghahn Books, p. 212, ISBN 978-1-84545-544-6, ...three main constitutive myths at work within Albanian nationalism ...Secondly, the myth of Skanderbeg, ... {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Steinke, Klaus. "Recension of the The living Skanderbeg : the Albanian hero between myth and history / Monica Genesin ... (eds.) Hamburg : Kovač, 2010 Schriftenreihe Orbis ; Bd. 16" (in German). QUELLE Informationsmittel (IFB) : digitales Rezensionsorgan für Bibliothek und Wissenschaft. Retrieved March 24, 2011. Im nationalen Mythus der Albaner nimmt er den zentralen Platz ein,... {{cite web}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  9. ^ Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (2002), Albanian identities: myth and history, USA: Indiana University Press, p. 43, ISBN 0-253-34189-2, retrieved March 24, 2011, The nationalist writers... transform history into myth ... As with most myths his figure and deeds became a mixture of historical facts, truths, half-truths, inventions and folklore. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Clayer, Nathalie (2007), Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: la naissance d'une nation, Karthala, p. 441, ISBN 978-2-84586-816-8, Avant 1896, une image de Skanderbeg heros de l orthodoxie Grecque s'etait largement developpee dans les regions meridionales tandis que, dans le regions proches du Montenegro, en 1897 encore, des poemes epiques dans lesqueles il etait celebre comme un guerrier slave etaient de plus en plus difuses. Meme s'il etait egalement deja apparu dans la construction d'un passe national albanais (en particulier Arberesh) , dans les toutes dernieres annes du XIX siecle, sa figure prit une nuovelle dimension.
  11. ^ Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (2002), "Invention of nationalism: Myth and amnesia", Albanian identities: myth and history, USA: Indiana University Press, p. 43, ISBN 0-253-34189-2, ..an episode taken from medieval history was central for Albanian national mythology. In the absence of medieval kingdom or empire the Albanian nationalists choose Skanderbeg.... {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Clayer, Nathalie (2007), Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: la naissance d'une nation, Karthala, p. 441, ISBN 978-2-84586-816-8, L'une des evolutions les plus remarquables fut l'albanisation de la figure de Skanderbeg et sa mise en avant en tant que heros national
  13. ^ Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (2002), "Invention of nationalism: Myth and amnesia", Albanian identities: myth and history, USA: Indiana University Press, p. 43, ISBN 0-253-34189-2, The nationalistic writers...subjecting him to that laboratory that serves to transform history into myth. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Detrez, Raymond (2005), Developing cultural identity in the Balkans: convergence vs divergence, Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang S.A., p. 220, ISBN 90-5201-297-0, Even the creation of national hero is largely due to such borrowings.. trough both channels, the Southern and the Northern one. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010), On the Border - Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries along the Albanian-Greek Frontier, Berlin: Lit Verlag, p. 210, 211, ISBN 978-3-643-10793-0, OCLC 700517914, The case of Skanderbeg offered Albanian nationalists a basis to develop a national rhetoric and ideology of national resistance,.... adapted for the purposes of national myth... and religious dimension of his identity is eluded. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  16. ^ Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010), On the Border - Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries along the Albanian-Greek Frontier, Berlin: Lit Verlag, p. 210, 211, ISBN 978-3-643-10793-0, OCLC 700517914, ... Albanian nationalists ... against enemy who is threatening the integrity of the fatherland and unity of Albanian people. The case of Skanderbeg... the selective use of the elements of his story...the image of the Skanderbeg is painted with materials of national myth... {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  17. ^ Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie. "Bericht über die internationale Tagung »The Role of 'Myths' in History and Development in Albania«, 11. bis 13. Juni 1999 an der School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) in London" (in German). Switzerland: Schweizer Zeitschrift für die Zusammenarbeit mit Albanien - Informationen für an Albanien Interessierte. Archived from the original on March 24, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ... in einen großen Bogen als albanische »Schlüsselmythen« (von Illyrianismus über Skanderbeg ... {{cite web}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  18. ^ "Conferenza prof. ssa Francesca di Miceli: "Il mito di Skanderbeg"" [The conference of professor Francesca di Miceli: "The myth of Skanderbeg"] (in Italian). Centro Internazionale di Studi sul Mito, Delegazione Siciliana. Archived from the original on March 24, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ...una conversazione sul mito di Skanderbeg, evidenziando il processo attraverso il quale un personaggio storico assume la dimensione mitica e l'importanza di questa figura per la definizione della identità nazionale degli Albanesi nei vari periodi della loro storia.
  19. ^ "Scanderbeg vivo — Una riflessione interdisciplinare tra mito, storia e attualità sulla figura di Giorgio Castriota Scanderbeg" [A living Skanderbeg, the multidisciplinary analysis of the myht, historical facts and current knowledge about George Kastrioti Skanderbeg] (in Italian). Osservatorio Balcani. 2009. Archived from the original on March 24, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  20. ^ "Convegno internazionale "Giorgio Castriota Scanderbeg: la storia e l'immagine" a Durazzo" (in Italian). Italy: dirittodicronaca. June 1, 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2011. Il 28 maggio 2010, nella sala delle conferenze dell'hotel "Adriatik" a Durrazzo, l'Università "Marino Barlezio" e il Centro di Studi Albanologici di Tirana hanno organizzato il convegno internazionale "Giorgio Castriota Scanderbeg: la storia e l'immagine"..." avvolta nel mito"..
  21. ^ Marshall, Louise (2010). "Scanderbeg, myth, heroism and the eighteenth-century stage" (PDF). Aberystwyth University. Retrieved March 27, 2010. Scanderbeg, myth, heroism and the eighteenth-century stage {{cite web}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  22. ^ Free, Jan, "Skanderbeg als historisher Mythos" (PDF), Von den Schwierigkeiten historischer Bezugnahme: Der albanische Nationalheld Skanderbeg (in German), Düsseldorf: Mythos Magazin, p. 14, retrieved March 25, 2011, Doch die entscheidende Frage in Bezug auf einen Mythos ist nicht, was die historische Grundlage des Mythos ist oder ob er uberhaupt eine besitzt; was fur einen Inhalt er hat und auch nicht, wie die Wirkungs geschichchte dieser Erzahlung war oder ist. Notwendig ist eine Beantwortung der Frage, wieso an Skanderbeg uberhaupt geglaubt wird, warum Albaner sich auf ihn wie selbstverstandlich beziehen und welchen Zweck der Skanderbeg-Mythos hatte und hat. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  23. ^ Steinke, Klaus. "Recension of the The living Skanderbeg : the Albanian hero between myth and history / Monica Genesin ... (eds.) Hamburg : Kovač, 2010 Schriftenreihe Orbis ; Bd. 16" (in German). QUELLE Informationsmittel (IFB) : digitales Rezensionsorgan für Bibliothek und Wissenschaft. Retrieved March 24, 2011. Im nationalen Mythus der Albaner nimmt er den zentralen Platz ein, was die kritische Auseinandersetzung der Historiker mit ihm erschwert. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  24. ^ Steinke, Klaus. "Recension of the The living Skanderbeg : the Albanian hero between myth and history / Monica Genesin ... (eds.) Hamburg : Kovač, 2010 Schriftenreihe Orbis ; Bd. 16" (in German). QUELLE Informationsmittel (IFB) : digitales Rezensionsorgan für Bibliothek und Wissenschaft. Retrieved March 24, 2011. Wer es dennoch versucht, wird, wie der Wiener Osthistoriker Oliver Jens Schmitt erfahren mußte, schnell in der albanischen Öffentlichkeit zum Buhmann, der ein Sakrileg begeht und die nationale Ehre beschmutzt. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  25. ^ A. Byrnes, Timothy (2006). Religion in an expanding Europe. Cambridge. p. 180. ISBN 9781139450942. Retrieved 12 July 2011. This antemurale myth thus became one archetypal myth of nationhood in Southeastern Europe. {{cite book}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Beckett Weaver, Eric (2006). National narcissism the intersection of the nationalist cult and gender in Hungary. p. 65. ISBN 9780820479897. Retrieved 12 July 2011. Thus, like nationalists of several of the nations around Hungary, nationalist Hungarian historians have developed narratives of how their nation was an antemurale christianitatis, the last bastion of Christianity, protecting the West for centuries from the onslaught of Islam, and that an ungrateful West forgotten this fact. {{cite book}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  27. ^ Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2010), Oliver Jens Schmitt (ed.), Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa, vol. 4, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, p. 249, ISBN 978-3-631-60295-9, The antemurale myth and Skanderbeg: A built-in part of antemurale myth complex is Skanderbeg... united Albanians in the fight against invading Turks and that his primary motive was defence of the nation (although the churchmen equate that with defence of the Christendom) {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); Missing |editor1= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  28. ^ Maner, Hans–Christian. "The "Repelling of the great Turk" in Southeast European Historiography". University of Mainz. Retrieved 31 March 2011. ..."Defence against the Turks", that had already become central topics in East Central and Southeast Europe in the sixteenth century, ... was also put to functional use... also a propaganda function, .... mobilising religious feelings
  29. ^ Scmitt 2010, p. 242, A core myth, a basic narrative ... can be labeled as "The religion of the Albanian is Albanianism". This serves as template for other myths and narratives...
  30. ^ Albanian identities: myth and history 2002, p. 60, ... fourfold confessional divide... Albanian national ideologists ... religious differences ... constituting a major obstacle to national unity at the end of the nineteenth century.
  31. ^ Scmitt 2010, p. 242, 243, The ideal community.... There might be several religious Communities, but only one Albanian community.
  32. ^ Detrez, Raymond (2005), Developing cultural identity in the Balkans: convergence vs divergence, Brussels, Belgium: P.I.E.-Peter Lang, p. 217, ISBN 9052011974, OCLC 61456692 {{citation}}: |first2= missing |last2= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last1= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ Detrez, Raymond (2005), Developing cultural identity in the Balkans: convergence vs divergence, Brussels, Belgium: P.I.E.-Peter Lang, p. 217, ISBN 9052011974, OCLC 61456692 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ Detrez, Raymond (2005), Developing cultural identity in the Balkans: convergence vs divergence, Brussels, Belgium: P.I.E.-Peter Lang, p. 220, ISBN 9052011974, OCLC 61456692 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010), On the Border - Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries along the Albanian-Greek Frontier, Berlin: Lit Verlag, p. 212, ISBN 978-3-643-10793-0, OCLC 700517914, Even the communists... "reading the past on the basis of present needs" .... being aware that religious differences may undermine the unity of the Albanian people, which was constituted by the multi-religious groups, adopts the myth of religious indifference precisely to counter this treat. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  36. ^ Raymond Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw, ed. (April 2009), Albania a country study (PDF), Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, p. 50, In 1967 the authorities conducted a violent campaign to extinguish religious life in Albania,..., forcing Albanians to quit practicing their faith... all churches, mosques, monasteries, and other religious institutions had been closed or converted into warehouses, gymnasiums, and workshops by year's end... announcement that Albania had become the world's first atheistic state, {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  37. ^ Albania: from anarchy to a Balkan identity, Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press, 1997, p. 96, ISBN 0814787959, OCLC 36663098, One of the most important aspects of transition has been the introduction of the religion in Albania. ... Despite popular belief that the religion of Albanians is Albanianism .... {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)
  38. ^ Scmitt 2010, p. 243, This part of myth ... constructing Albanians as "civilised", "pure" and "authentic".
  39. ^ Scmitt 2010, p. 243, The negative aspect of the basic "Albanianist" myth is based on suspicion that outgroups attempt to tear the nation apart...
  40. ^ Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010), On the Border - Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries along the Albanian-Greek Frontier, Berlin: Lit Verlag, p. 210, 211, ISBN 978-3-643-10793-0, OCLC 700517914, The case of Skanderbeg offered Albanian nationalists a basis to develop a national rhetoric and ideology of national resistance,.... adapted for the purposes of national myth... and religious dimension of his identity is eluded. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  41. ^ Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010), On the Border - Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries along the Albanian-Greek Frontier, Berlin: Lit Verlag, p. 210, 211, ISBN 978-3-643-10793-0, OCLC 700517914, ... Albanian nationalists ... against enemy who is threatening the integrity of the fatherland and unity of Albanian people. The case of Skanderbeg... the selective use of the elements of his story...the image of the Skanderbeg is painted with materials of national myth... {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  42. ^ Anthropological Journal of European Cultures, 2009, Gilles de Rapper, "by identifying with Pelasgians, Albanians could claim that they were present in their Balkan homeland not only before the "barbarian" invaders of late Roman times (such as the Slavs), not only before the Romans themselves, but also, even more importantly, before the Greeks‟ (Malcolm 2002: 76-77)."
  43. ^ Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible by Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, and Pieter Willem Van Der Horst, 1999, page 537, "Pelasgians, the mythical predecessors of Greek civilisation".
  44. ^ Anthropological Journal of European Cultures, 2009, Gilles de Rapper
  45. ^ Communism and the Emergence of Democracy by Harald Wydra, 2007, ISBN 0-521-85169-6, page 230, "Albanians tended to go further back in time to the sixth and seventh centuries, claiming an Illyrian- Albanian continuity and superiority over Slavic people. ..."
  46. ^ Anthropological Journal of European Cultures, 2009, Gilles de Rapper, "by identifying with Pelasgians, Albanians could claim that they were present in their Balkan homeland not only before the "barbarian" invaders of late Roman times (such as the Slavs), not only before the Romans themselves, but also, even more importantly, before the Greeks‟ (Malcolm 2002: 76-77)."
  47. ^ The Balkans - a post-communist history by Robert Bideleux & Ian Jeffries, Routledge, 2007, ISBN 0-415-22962-6, page 513
  48. ^ Kosovo: what everyone needs to know by Tim Judah, ISBN 0-19-537673-0, 2008, page 31
  49. ^ Kolarz, Walter (1972), Myths and realities in eastern Europe, Kennikat Press, p. 227, ISBN 9780804616003, Albanian intelligentsia, despite the backwardness of their country and culture: "We Albanians are the original and autochthonous race of the Balkans. The Slavs are conquerors and immigrants who came but yesterday from Asia." {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  50. ^ Ivana Milojevic (1 October 2013). Breathing: Violence In, Peace Out. Univ. of Queensland Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7022-5114-6. Kosovo Albanians (the majority of whom follow the Islamic faith) reiterated the myth of Balkan indigeneity, or the national myth about Illyrian descent.
  51. ^ Lubonja, Fatos. "Re-Inventing Skenderbeg Albanian nationalism and Nato neo-colonialism". Eurozine. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  52. ^ Revel, Jacques (2002), Political uses of the past: the recent Mediterranean experience, London: Franc Cass and Company Limited, p. 47, ISBN 0-7146-5271-7, Almost nowhere in the northern Mediterranean is there a nation like Albania, which... escaped any effective integration...Bearing in mind the importance of Blut and boden in national myth and ideology making...produces an almost incomprehensible multitude of types of national discourse in exceptionalist and exclusivist terms....Such experiences facilitate the emergence of national myths and ideologies that are always ready to justify {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Literature

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