User:Antidiskriminator/Drafts of articles/Nationalistic myths

The National myths (sometimes referred to as Nationalistic myths or Nationalist myths) are myths created and propagated by national intellectuals who use them as instrument of political mobilization on the basis of ethnicity.^[1] Nationalist myths sometimes have a tendency to stimulate conflicts between the nations^[2], to magnify distinctive characteristics of the national group and to overstate the threat to the nation posed by other groups propagating militant fulfilment of the their goals.^[3]

Background

Social background

The concept of national identity is inescapably connected with myths.^[4] Complex of myths are the core of ethnic identity.^[5] Some scholars believe that national identities (equipped with invented histories) were constructed only after national movements and national ideologies emerged first.^[6]

All modern national identities were preceded by nationalist movements.^[7] Although the term "nation" was used in the Middle Ages, it had totally different meaning than in the age of nationalism, where it was linked to the efforts aimed to creation of the nation-states.^[8]

Psychological background

Besides their social background, nationalist myths have also a psychological explanation which is connected with nationalist myth of stable homeland community. The complexity of relations with the modern external world and incoherence of the inner psychological world can result with anxiety which is reduced by static self-labelling and self-construction and gaining an imaginary emotion of stability.^[9]

Primary myths

Two nationalism's primary myths are connected with beliefs in^[10]:

community's permanence (the myth of the eternal nation), based on its national character, territory and institutions and on its continuity across many generations, and
community's common ancestry (myth of the common ancestry).

The nationalist myths portray the nation like sleeping and waiting to be awakened, but scholarly discourse avoid such image because national identity either exists or not and can not be asleep and awakened.^[11]

References

^ Safty, Adel (2002), Leadership and Conflict Resolution, USA: Universal publishers, p. 273, ISBN 1-58112-617-4, Shnirelman (1995) considers nationalist myths ... created by national intellectuals and propagated by the intelligentsia with the aim of using this myths as an instrument of ethno-political mobilization under interethnic conflicts. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)
^ Edward Brown, Michael (1997). Nationalism and ethnic conflict. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780585358079. ... we do argue that tendency to breed conflicts is inherent to typical nationalist myths
^ Schnabel, Albrecht (2004). Conflict prevention from rhetoric to reality: Organizations and institutions. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books. p. 45, 46. ISBN 9780739107386. overemphasize the cultural and historical distinctiveness of the national group [and its territory], exaggerate the threat posed to the nation by other groups, ignore the degree to which the nation's own actions provoked such treats, and play down the cost of seeking national goals trough militant means. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Cameron, Keith (1999), National identity, Exeter, England: Intellect, p. 4, ISBN 9781871516050, OCLC 40798482, Myth is inextricably linked with the concept of national identity {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)
^ J. Kaufman, Stuart (2001), Modern hatreds : the symbolic politics of ethnic war, New York: Cornell University Press, p. 25, ISBN 9780801487361, OCLC 46590030, The core of the ethnic identity is the "myth-symbol complex" — the combination of myths,... {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)
^ Østergaard, Uffe (2000). Classical and modern social theory. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 448. ISBN 9780631212881. Retrieved 8 September 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Østergaard, Uffe (2000). Classical and modern social theory. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 448. ISBN 9780631212881. Retrieved 8 September 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Østergaard, Uffe (2000). Classical and modern social theory. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 448. ISBN 9780631212881. Retrieved 8 September 2011. We can, for example, certainly encounter term "nation" in the Middle Ages, but the word meant something completely different than in the age of nationalism, where it is inextricably linked with the efforts to create an associated state. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Brown, David (2000), "Contemporary nationalism", Contemporary nationalism: civic, ethnocultural, and multicultural politics, London ; New York: Routledge, p. 24, ISBN 0203380258, OCLC 43286590 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)
^ Brown, David (2000), "Contemporary nationalism", Contemporary nationalism: civic, ethnocultural, and multicultural politics, London ; New York: Routledge, p. 23, 24, ISBN 0203380258, OCLC 43286590 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)
^ M. Danforth, Loring (1995). The Macedonian conflict : ethnic nationalism in a transnational world. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 15. .. nationalist myths of nation waiting, Sleeping Beauty like, to be awakened....In scholarly discourse this image should be avoided .. national identity is a matter of self-ascription, it either exists or it does not, it can not be asleep and then be awakened...

Birch, Anthony (1989), Nationalism and national integration, London ; Boston: Unwin Hyman, ISBN 9780043201817, OCLC 18684137 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)
J Hobsbawm, Eric (1990), Nations and nationalism since 1780 : programme, myth, reality, Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521335072, OCLC 20294449 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)
R O'G Anderson, Benedict (1991), Imagined communities : reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism, London; New York: Verso, ISBN 9780860915461, OCLC 23356022 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)
Geoffrey Hosking (1997), Myths and nationhood, New York: Routledge in association with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, ISBN 9780415919739, OCLC 38110006 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Cameron, Keith (1999), National identity, Exeter, England: Intellect, ISBN 9781871516050, OCLC 40798482 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)
Gutiérrez, Natividad (1999), Nationalist myths and ethnic identities : indigenous intellectuals and the Mexican state, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 9780585310596, OCLC 45731495 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)
J. Kaufman, Stuart (2001), Modern hatreds : the symbolic politics of ethnic war, New York: Cornell University Press, ISBN 9780801487361, OCLC 46590030 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)
J. Geary, Patrick (2002), The myth of nations: the medieval origins of Europe, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691114811, OCLC 47182376 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)

[1] Safty, Adel (2002), Leadership and Conflict Resolution, USA: Universal publishers, p. 273, ISBN 1-58112-617-4, Shnirelman (1995) considers nationalist myths ... created by national intellectuals and propagated by the intelligentsia with the aim of using this myths as an instrument of ethno-political mobilization under interethnic conflicts. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)

[2] Edward Brown, Michael (1997). Nationalism and ethnic conflict. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780585358079. ... we do argue that tendency to breed conflicts is inherent to typical nationalist myths

[3] Schnabel, Albrecht (2004). Conflict prevention from rhetoric to reality: Organizations and institutions. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books. p. 45, 46. ISBN 9780739107386. overemphasize the cultural and historical distinctiveness of the national group [and its territory], exaggerate the threat posed to the nation by other groups, ignore the degree to which the nation's own actions provoked such treats, and play down the cost of seeking national goals trough militant means. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[4] Cameron, Keith (1999), National identity, Exeter, England: Intellect, p. 4, ISBN 9781871516050, OCLC 40798482, Myth is inextricably linked with the concept of national identity {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)

[5] J. Kaufman, Stuart (2001), Modern hatreds : the symbolic politics of ethnic war, New York: Cornell University Press, p. 25, ISBN 9780801487361, OCLC 46590030, The core of the ethnic identity is the "myth-symbol complex" — the combination of myths,... {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)

[6] Østergaard, Uffe (2000). Classical and modern social theory. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 448. ISBN 9780631212881. Retrieved 8 September 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[7] Østergaard, Uffe (2000). Classical and modern social theory. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 448. ISBN 9780631212881. Retrieved 8 September 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[8] Østergaard, Uffe (2000). Classical and modern social theory. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 448. ISBN 9780631212881. Retrieved 8 September 2011. We can, for example, certainly encounter term "nation" in the Middle Ages, but the word meant something completely different than in the age of nationalism, where it is inextricably linked with the efforts to create an associated state. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[9] Brown, David (2000), "Contemporary nationalism", Contemporary nationalism: civic, ethnocultural, and multicultural politics, London ; New York: Routledge, p. 24, ISBN 0203380258, OCLC 43286590 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)

[10] Brown, David (2000), "Contemporary nationalism", Contemporary nationalism: civic, ethnocultural, and multicultural politics, London ; New York: Routledge, p. 23, 24, ISBN 0203380258, OCLC 43286590 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |lay-date= (help)

[11] M. Danforth, Loring (1995). The Macedonian conflict : ethnic nationalism in a transnational world. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 15. .. nationalist myths of nation waiting, Sleeping Beauty like, to be awakened....In scholarly discourse this image should be avoided .. national identity is a matter of self-ascription, it either exists or it does not, it can not be asleep and then be awakened...

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