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China Border Control and Coastal Defense Committee
国家边海防委员会
China Border Control and Coastal Defense logo
Agency overview
Formed1991
TypeMixed Policy Commission of the State Council and Central Military Commission
JurisdictionPeople's Liberation Army; Border Control Agencies of the People's Republic of China
HeadquartersBeijing
Agency executive
Parent departmentState Council
Central Military Commission
Websitechinamil.com.cn


The National Border Control and Coastal Defense Committee (BDC) is a deliberative and coordinating body of both the State Council and the Central Military Commission (CMC), and is responsible for the creation of border defense policy, and for the coordination of the multiple agencies with border control responsibilities. It is based in Beijing.

History

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中华人民共和国成立后，边防体制经历过多次调整。第一次调整是在1949年11月至1951年12月，为中国人民解放军与公安分段防管时期。1949年11月，中央人民政府公安部成立边防局。1950年公安部召开全国第一次边防保卫工作会议后，形成了遍布全国边境的基层边防管理及检查机构，还有相应的边防力量。1951年6月15日，在北京举行的第一次全国边防工作会议决定：与帝国主义及其附庸国家接壤的边疆和沿海地区，武装警卫任务主要由国防军承担；中苏、中朝、中越边境地区和国家口岸，建立边防分局、边防派出所，实行警察防管制

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the border defense system has undergone several dramatic adjustments, mostly consisting on shifts between direct military control versus police control of borders. The first adjustment took place between November 1949 and December 1951, during the period of split defense management between the Chinese People's Liberation Army and the Public Security authorities. In November 1949, the Ministry of Public Security of the Central People's Government set up the Border Control Bureau. In 1950, the Ministry of Public Security convened the first national conference on border defense, and afterwards it started to set up the nation's ground-level border control and inspection organizations. On June 15, 1951, the "First National Conference on Border Defense" held in Beijing decided that the armed guarding of border and coastal areas bordering "imperialists and their vassal countries" should be undertaken by the PLA's Public Security Force (中国人民解放军公安军 - PSF), and that there would be Border Guard sub-bureaus and Border Guard stations in the areas bordering the Soviet Union, Mongolia, and North Korea, letting the police organizations take care care of the secure fellow-Communist borders.[2]

第二次调整是在1951年12月至1958年7月，为公安防管时期。1951年12月，经中共中央和中央人民政府人民革命军事委员会批准，全国内卫、边防和地方公安统一整编成“中国人民解放军公安部队”，接受中央军委统一领导，公安部门的边防机构负责具体业务指导。1955年7月18日，中华人民共和国国防部下令将中国人民解放军公安部队改为中国人民解放军公安军，负担国境警卫、边防检查、海上巡逻、边防侦察等任务。1957年9月1日，中央军委决定撤销公安军番号及其领导机构，中国人民解放军总参谋部警备部负责边防部队的业务指导。 The second readjustment took place between December 1951 and July 1958, a period of Public Security border defense control. In December 1951, with the approval of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People's Government, the nation's internal guards, border guards, and local public security forces were united into the "Public Security Force of the People's Liberation Army" .[3] On July 18, 1955, the Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China ordered the PLA Public Security Force to be reorganized into the People's Liberation Army Public Security Army, which was tasked with guarding the borders, border inspections, maritime patrols, border reconnaissance, and other duties. On September 1, 1957, the CMC abolished the Public Security Army's designation and its leadership structure, and the Garrison Department of the PLA General Staff became responsible for the operational guidance of the border defense forces.[2]

The third adjustment took place between July 1958 and May 1966, a period when the public security forces and the PLA divided responsibilities. In July 1958, the Central Committee decided to transfer all border control tasks to the Ministry of Public Security (MPS), except for the borders with Burma and India, which were to continue to be defended by PLA forces. In October of the same year, the Central Committee of the CCP issued the "Circular on the Integration of the Public Security Forces", which transferred the PLA Public Security Force from the PLA to the Ministry of Public Security, and incorporated them into the People's Police Force. On 1 February 1963, the Border Police Force was renamed the "Chinese People's Public Security Force" (removing the PLA reference), but it was still kept under the dual leadership of the Central Military Commission and the Ministry of Public Security. [2]。

In December 1963, as a consequence of the rapidly cooling relationship with the USSR, the Central Government decided to transfer the Public Security Force out of the borders with the Soviet Union and Mongolia and replace them with the PLA. In 1964 the Fujian PSF troops (those facing Taiwan) were transferred to the direct leadership of the Fujian Military Region of the PLA. The other PSF units continued to be under a dual leadership of the PLA and the MPS, with the PSF remaining responsible for the border with North Korea and Vietnam. The border defense of Tibet, Hainan and Xinjiang were under the responsibility of the PLA.[2]。

The fourth adjustment was made during the Cultural Revolution, from May 1966 to April 1973, when border defense were re-concentrated on the PLA. In May 1966, the Central Government decided to abolish the Public Security Force altogether, and all the tasks of border defense and management were assigned to the PLA.[2]

The fifth adjustment was from April 1973 to 2017, a period of renewed division of labor between the public security organs and the PLA in border defense and management. On April 5, 1973, the National Conference on Land Border Defense decided that the specific operational work of border defense would be transferred from the PLA to the public security organs again. After the reform and opening, in January 1980, the state formally established the Border Defense Armed Police Force to meet the needs of opening up to the outside world. The armed border police were responsible for the border defense of some border sections and for entry-exit border inspection.[2]

1981年12月11日，中国人民解放军边防部队中担负的中朝、中缅边境云南段边防任务的部队，改为边防武警，移交公安部门领导。1982年6月，组建中国人民武装警察部队总队，边防保卫局纳入武警总部序列。1983年，公安部边防局撤销，业务归武警总部司令部领导。1985年，正式恢复公安部边防局，负责全国边防检查、边境管理、机场安全检查等业务On December 11, 1981, the border guard units of the PLA, which were responsible for the border defense of the border with North Korea and the Yunnan section of the border were removed and replaced with border guards under the control of the Public Security Department. in June 1982, the General Corps of the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF) was formed, and the Border Guard Bureau was integrated into it. 1983, the Border Guard Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) was separated, and its operations were put under the leadership of the Armed Police Headquarters.[2]。

中华人民共和国成立以后，一直未设立专门的边海防领导机构。为加强国家边海防建设的统一领导，1981年中共中央成立中央边防工作领导小组，负责全国陆地边防工作方针政策和边境建设等问题的研究。领导小组成立初期，未设办事机构，日常工作由总参谋部边防局、公安部边防局和外交部有关部门指定人员兼管[4]。Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, there had been no specialized leading agency for border and sea defense.In order to strengthen the unified leadership of national border and shore defense, the CPC Central Committee set up the Central Border Defense Leading Group in 1981, which was responsible for the study of the national land border defense work guidelines and policies and border construction and other issues. At the early stage of the establishment of the Leading Group, no office was set up, and its daily work was managed by the Border Defense Bureau of the General Staff Department, the Border Defense Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security, and the personnel designated by the relevant departments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1985In 1985, the Border Guard Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security was formally restored, and was responsible for national border inspection, border management, airport security inspection and other operations.[2]

1991年5月，为解决边海防工作中存在的多头管理、条块分割的矛盾，国务院、中央军委下发《关于成立国家边防委员会的通知》，决定撤销中央边防工作领导小组，成立中华人民共和国边防委员会（国家边防委员会），并规定其职责是：“组织研究制定全国边防工作的方针、政策、法规；对全国边防工作的重大问题组织研究，并向国务院、中央军委提出报告和建议；承办国务院、中央军委提出的报告和建议；协调有关部门和地区的边防工作，等等。”国家边防委员会的常设机构是国家边防委员会办公室，设在中国人民解放军总参谋部[4]。In May 1991, in order to solve the contradictions of multiple administrations and fragmentation in the work of border and sea defense, the State Council and the Central Military Commission issued the Circular on the Establishment of the State Border Defense Commission, deciding to abolish the Leading Group of the Central Committee on Border Defense and establish the Border Defense Commission of the People's Republic of China (the State Border Defense Commission), and stipulating that its duties were to: "Organize researches on and formulate guidelines, policies and regulations for the work of the nation's borders; organize research on and formulation of work guidelines, policies and regulations; organizing studies on major issues of the national border defense work and submitting reports and recommendations to the State Council and the Central Military Commission; undertaking the reports and recommendations submitted by the State Council and the Central Military Commission; coordinating the border defense work of the relevant departments and regions, and so on." The permanent body of the State Border Defense Commission is the Office of the State Border Defense Commission, which is located in the General Staff Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army.



1992年，机场安全检查和飞机监护工作移交民航部门。1997年，出入境边防检查总站成立，将边防检查现役警察改为职业警察。2003年6月，中央决定将公安边防部队担负的中朝边境、中缅边境云南段一线防卫和管理任务移交中国人民解放军边防部队，从而统一了全国陆地边境防卫管理模式。至此，中华人民共和国的边防体制形成了中国人民解放军边防部队负责一线防卫和管理，公安武警部队负责二线治安和出入境管理的分工防管体制。。In 1992, airport security inspections and aircraft guardianship were transferred to the civil aviation sector; in 1997, the Entry-Exit Border Inspection Terminal was established, transforming the active duty border inspection police into professional police officers; in June 2003, the Central Government decided to transfer the tasks of the Public Security Border Defense Force in the defense and management of the China-Democratic People's Republic of Korea border and the Yunnan section of the China-Myanmar border to the Border Defense Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), thereby standardizing the nation's land border defense and management model [2][4]. As a result, the border defense system of the People's Republic of China has formed a division of labor defense and management system in which the border defense forces of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) are responsible for the first-line defense and management, and the public security and armed police forces are responsible for the second-line public security and entry/exit management [2].[2]

在这一体制下，中国人民解放军边海防部队主要负责边境、沿海和海上防卫警戒，防范、制止和打击外来入侵、蚕食、挑衅以及越界破坏等活动；公安边海防部队主要负责边境、沿海地区和海上治安管理及口岸出入境边防检查，防范、打击边境沿海地区偷渡、贩毒、走私等违法犯罪，组织参与边境沿海地区的反恐怖和处置突发事件工作[4]。Under this system, the border and maritime defence forces of the People's Liberation Army are mainly responsible for border, coastal and maritime defence and alert, and for preventing, stopping and combating foreign invasion, encroachment, provocation and cross-border sabotage, etc.; the border and maritime defence forces of the Public Security Bureau are mainly responsible for the management of public security in the border, coastal areas and the sea, as well as for the border checks at border entry and exit points, and for preventing and combating illegal and criminal activities such as illegal immigration, drug trafficking and smuggling in the border and coastal areas, as well as organizing and taking part in

在海防方面，中华人民共和国参与海防管理的部门涉及外事、公安、安全、交通、农业、海洋、海关、检验检疫和中国人民解放军四总部（总参谋部、总政治部、总后勤部、总装备部）。管理队伍除中国人民解放军边海防部队和公安边海防部队外，还包括海监、渔政、海事、海关缉私等执法力量。

公安边防部队沿海设边防检查站、边防派出所、二线检查站、海警部队等，主要负责沿海地区和领海的治安管理及出入境边防检查等工作Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).The Public Security Border Defense Forces have border checkpoints, border police stations, second-line checkpoints, and marine police units along the coast, which are mainly responsible for the management of public security in the coastal areas and territorial waters, as well as for entry and exit border inspections.

中国人民解放军海军的主要职责是保卫国家领海主权安全，维护海洋权益，协助有关部门打击海上犯罪，组织实施护渔护航，保护我海上生产和作业人员的生命财产安全。中国人民解放军陆军海防部队依照法律法规进行沿海岛屿的防卫管理，组织进行军警民联防，协助维护沿海地区的社会秩序。The military services concentrated in the The PLA Navy main duties of the navy of the Chinese People's Liberation Army are to defend the sovereignty and security of the State's territorial waters, safeguard maritime rights and interests, assist the relevant departments in combating crimes at sea, organize and implement fishery and navigation protection, and protect the lives and property of those who produce and operate at sea.The PLA Coastal Defense Force carries out defense and management of coastal islands in accordance with laws and regulations, organizes joint defense by the military, police and civilians, and assists in maintaining social order in coastal areas.[4]

交通部门沿海设各级海事机构，主要负责海上交通安全管理和海事搜救。农业部门沿海设各级渔政机构，主要负责渔船检验和渔港监督管理；海洋部门沿海设各级海监机构，主要负责监督管理海域的使用与保护，组织进行海洋科学调查研究；沿海海关设海上缉私机构，主要负责港口进出境货物的监管、徵税和查缉海上走私等工作。The transportation department has set up maritime agencies at all levels along the coast, which are mainly responsible for the safety management of maritime traffic and maritime search and rescue.The agriculture department has set up fishery agencies at all levels along the coast, which are mainly responsible for the inspection of fishing vessels and the supervision and management of fishing ports; the ocean department has set up marine surveillance agencies at all levels along the coast, which are mainly responsible for the supervision and management of the use and protection of the sea area, and the organization of marine scientific research; and the coastal customs has set up anti-smuggling agencies at sea, which are mainly responsible for the supervision of the inbound and outbound cargoes at the ports, the levy of taxes, and the investigation and seizure of smuggling at sea.[4]

1994年起，中共中央、国务院、中央军委作出了加强陆地边防基础设施建设的决策，拉开了中华人民共和国成立以来规模最大的边防基础设施建设的序幕。据统计，“十五”以来截至2010年，中央仅投入边境口岸交通设施建设的资金便达50多亿元，覆盖136个边境县（市）和新疆生产建设兵团58个边境团（场）[5]

In 1994, the central government made the decision to strengthen the construction of land border defense infrastructure, which has opened the prelude to the construction of the largest border defense infrastructure since the founding of the People's Republic of China. According to statistics, since the Tenth Five-Year Plan and up to 2010, the central Government invested more than 5 billion yuan in the construction of transportation facilities at border crossings alone, covering 136 border counties and 58 border regiments of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.[6]

2005年，《国务院办公厅、中央军委办公厅关于中华人民共和国边防委员会更名为中华人民共和国边海防委员会的通知》（国办发〔2005〕41号）发出，中华人民共和国边防委员会正式更名为中华人民共和国边海防委员会（国家边海防委员会），统一指导管理全国边海防工作。同时，各军区和沿边、沿海省、地、县都成立了边海防委员会 In 2005, the General Office of the State Council and the General Office of the Central Military Commission issued (State Council Circular 〔2005〕 No. 41) which changed the name of the Border Defense Commission to the Border Control and Coastal Defense Commission, to emphasize that it had responsibility for littoral defense as well. At the same time, border and coastal defense committees were set up in all military districts and all border and coastal provinces, prefectures and counties.[5][7]。

2014年，经中央军委主席习近平批准，国家边海防委员会依托军事科学院成立国家边海防研究中心，职责是“组织协调军地相关研究机构和力量，统筹开展边海防基础与应用理论研究，为国家边海防委员会提供决策咨询，为我国边海防建设发展提供理论支撑。”2014年4月24日，国家边海防研究中心揭牌仪式在军事科学院举行，中央军委委员、国务委员兼国防部长、国家边海防委员会主任常万全出席并讲话。 In 2014, with the approval of the CMC, the BCCDC requested the Academy of Military Sciences to establish the State Border and Coastal Defense Research Center, with the responsibility of "organizing and coordinating relevant research institutions and forces in the military and in the field, coordinating and carrying out basic and applied theoretical research on border and coastal defense, providing decision-making advice for the State Border Control and Coastal Defense Committee, and providing theoretical support for the development of China's border and coastal defenses."[8]

Responsibilities

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1991年5月国务院、中央军委《关于成立国家边防委员会的通知》规定其职责是：“组织研究制定全国边防工作的方针、政策、法规；对全国边防工作的重大问题组织研究，并向国务院、中央军委提出报告和建议；承办国务院、中央军委提出的报告和建议；协调有关部门和地区的边防工作，等等。”

《2006年中国的国防》白皮书称，“边海防工作由国务院、中央军委统一领导，实行军地分工负责的边海防管理体制。国家边海防委员会由国务院和军队的有关部门组成，在国务院和中央军委领导下，负责指导协调全国的边海防工作。各军区和沿边沿海省、地、县三级都成立了边海防委员会，负责指导协调辖区内的边海防工作。”

《2010年中国的国防》白皮书称，“中国边海防实行军地分工负责的防卫管理体制。军队主要负责边境、沿海和海上防卫警戒，防范、制止和打击外来入侵、蚕食、挑衅以及越界破坏等活动；公安边防部队主要负责边境沿海地区和海上治安管理及口岸出入境边防检查，防范、打击边境沿海地区偷渡、贩毒、走私等违法犯罪，组织参与边境沿海地区的反恐怖和处置突发事件工作；海监、渔政、海事、检验检疫、海关等部门负责相应的维权执法和管理任务。国家设立边海防委员会，在国务院、中央军委领导下，负责协调全国边海防工作。各军区和沿边沿海省、市、县三级均设立边海防委员会，统一协调本辖区的边海防工作

The May 1991 Circular of the State Council and the Central Military Commission on the "Establishment of the State Border Defense Commission" stipulates that its duties are to "organize studies and formulate guidelines, policies, and regulations for the national border defense work; organize studies on major issues of the national border defense work and submit reports and recommendations to the State Council and the Central Military Commission; undertake the reports and recommendations submitted by the State Council and the Central Military Commission; coordinate the border defense work of the border defense work of the relevant departments and regions, etc." In this presentation, the committee is in essence a policy making and a coordinating body intended to keep the very large number of organizations involved in border affairs coordinated.[4]

The White Paper "China's National Defense 2006" states: "Border and sea defense work is under the unified leadership of the State Council and the Central Military Commission, and a border and sea defense management system with division of responsibilities between the military and the local government is implemented. The State Border and Sea Defense Commission is composed of relevant departments of the State Council and the military, and is responsible for guiding and coordinating border and sea defense work throughout the country under the leadership of the State Council and the Central Military Commission. Border and sea defense committees have been set up in all military regions and at all three levels of the coastal provinces, prefectures and counties along the border, and are responsible for guiding and coordinating the border and sea defense work within their jurisdiction.[9]

The "China's National Defense 2010" White Paper states the Committee duties and position in the system of border control more explicitly: "China's border and sea defense uses a management system that divides responsibility between the military and the local authorities. The military is mainly responsible for border, coastal, and maritime defense and vigilance, and for preventing, stopping, and combating foreign invasion, encroachment, provocation, and cross-border sabotage; the Public Security Border Defense Forces (PSBDF) are mainly responsible for the management of public security in the border-coastal areas and at sea, and for border checks at ports of entry and exit, and for preventing and combating illegal and criminal activities such as stowaways, drug trafficking, and smuggling in border-coastal areas, and organizing and participating in counter-terrorism and handling of emergencies in border-coastal areas; The departments of maritime surveillance, fisheries administration, maritime affairs, inspection and quarantine, and customs are responsible for the corresponding rights enforcement and management tasks. The State established the Border Control and Sea Defense Commission, which is responsible for coordinating the work of border and sea defense nationwide under the leadership of the State Council and the Central Military Commission. Border control and sea defense committees shall be set up in all military regions and at all three levels of coastal provinces, cities and counties along the borders to unify and coordinate border and sea defense work under their own jurisdictions." [10]

组成人员

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The membership of the committee is usually not published, and it seems to vary somewhat over time. However, as an example of the variety of organizations involved, we have the "Notice of the General Office of the State Council and the General Office of the Central Military Commission on Adjusting the Members of the National Border Defense Commission" on 14 July 1999 (Guobanfa [1999] No. 63). The adjusted members at the time were:[11]

Director

  • Luo Gan [羅幹]（State Council Member, Secretary of the Central Politics and Law Commission）

Vice-directors

Members

This shows the array of organizations with interest in border affairs involved. The current commission is likely composed of a similar selection of government entities.

Functional Offices

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The main office of the commission is the BCCDC General Office, which originally was based in the PLA's General Staff Department.[11] After 2016, the office is based in the NDMC's Border Defense Bureau.

Notes

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References

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  1. ^ "边界线成合作线 五国边境裁军履约视察". 光明网. 2017-11-21. Archived from the original on 2018-01-02. Retrieved 2018-01-02.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 马大正 (2017-01-14). "中国边防体制六十年". 新浪. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ 夏明星、张宁、朱雄南. "毛泽东关心武警部队早期建设纪事". 世纪风采2017(8):3-7. Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. Retrieved 2017-12-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "边境线上的军事外交─亲历中越边防部队会谈会晤". 大公网. 2012-05-08. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b "万里边关换新颜—新中国成立以来边海防建设纪实". 新浪. 2010-01-28. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Hsiao, Russell (February 4, 2010). "The Modernization of China's Border and Coastal Defense Infrastructure". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2024-06-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ 辽宁省边防委员会更名为辽宁省边海防委员会，辽宁省人民政府公报2005年24期
  8. ^ "国家边海防研究中心揭牌". 中国军网. 2014-04-25. Archived from the original on 2014-08-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "《2006年中国的国防》(2006.12.29)". 中国台湾网. 2006-12-31. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "中国政府发表《2010年中国的国防》白皮书（全文）". 中华人民共和国国防部. 2011-03-31. Archived from the original on 2017-12-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b c "国务院办公厅、中央军委办公厅关于调整国家边防委员会成员的通知". 汇法网. 1999-07-14. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "罗干强调认真做好新时期海防管理工作". 央视网. 2002-09-22. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

See also

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References

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