The O with macron (majuscule: Ō, minuscule: ō) is a additional letter of the Latin script, formed from the base letter O with the addition of the macron diacritic mark.
The leter
Usage
edit- French wiki
In several Polynesian languages, ‹ ō › represents a long o.
The character is also used in some romanization systems, such as the Hepburn method for Japanese, which is named Rōmaji. It usually represents a long o. In pinyin, ‹ ō › indicates a high tone.
In Latvian, unlike ‹ ā ›, ‹ ē ›, ‹ ī › and ‹ ū ›, ‹ ō › is no longer used and was replaced at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century by ‹ o ›.
In some Oceanic languages spoken in Vanuatu (mwotlap, dorig…), ‹ ō › is used to note the sound /ʊ/. In vurës and hiw, ‹ ō › represents the sound /o/, because ‹ o › is already used for /ɔ/.
- German wiki
Also in the writing of extinct languages, e.g. B. the Indo-European proto-language, the Ō is used, again to represent a long O.
Furthermore, the Ō in pinyin stands for the letter O in the first tone (high).
- Japanese wiki
In Japanese Hepburn Romanization, it indicates the long sound [oː] of the ``o sound.
In modern kana usage, it is a general rule to add ``u to the kana in the o row for long vowels in the o row (such as ``ou and ``tou). is represented by
Examples: RŌMAJI (romaji), TŌKYŌ (Tokyo), KŌRU (frozen)
combination with consonants
Ō, KŌ, SŌ, TŌ, NŌ, HŌ, MŌ, YŌ, RŌ, WŌ, GŌ, ZŌ, DŌ, BŌ, PŌ, VŌ, FŌ, KYŌ, SHŌ(SYŌ), CHŌ(TYŌ), NYŌ, HYŌ, MYŌ, RYŌ, GYŌ, JŌ(ZYŌ), DYŌ, BYŌ, PYŌ
例： RŌMAJI（ローマ字）、TŌKYŌ（東京）、KŌRU（凍る）
子音との組み合わせ、
Ō、KŌ、SŌ、TŌ、NŌ、HŌ、MŌ、YŌ、RŌ、WŌ、GŌ、ZŌ、DŌ、BŌ、PŌ、VŌ、FŌ、KYŌ、SHŌ(SYŌ)、CHŌ(TYŌ)、NYŌ、HYŌ、MYŌ、RYŌ、GYŌ、JŌ(ZYŌ)、DYŌ、BYŌ、PYŌ
- Russian wiki
In Cyrillic transliteration, ISO 9 is used to represent the letter О̄[5].
In transliterations of the Georgian script, ISO 9984[6] and ALA-LC[7] renders the letter khoe (ჵ).
In the transliteration of the Armenian script, ALA-LC renders the letter o (Օ օ)[8].
- Swedish wiki
Ō is used in Māori, Hawaiian, Tongan, Samoan, Žemaite and the recently extinct [1] language Livian. Before 1946, the letter in question was also in the Latvian alphabet.[2] In Chinese pinyin script, Ō is used where the dash indicates that the o should be pronounced with a high tone. In Japanese rōmaji, Ō represents the sound [o:].
- Silesian wiki
Ōō (O z makrōnym) – dwudziystŏ piyrszŏ buchsztaba we ślabikŏrzowym abecadle ôd ślōnskij gŏdki, używanŏ tyż we inkszych abecadłach świata (cum bajszpil we łacińskim szkryfcie ôd araberskij gŏdki). We ślabikŏrzowym abecadle ō ôznaczŏ klang miyndzy [o] a [u], klang tyn we Steuerowym abecadle a ślōnskim abecadle fōnetycznym je szrajbowany jako ů.
Polynesian languages - Hawaiian language - Cook Islands Māori - Māori language - Marshallese language - Mwotlap language - Samoan language - Marquesan language - Tahitian language - Tongan language
Usage
editOceanic languages
editThe letter Ō is present in many Polynesian languages, where it usually represents the long version of the sound represented by the letter O. Most commonly, it represents the long close-mid back rounded vowel sound ([o:]). It is the case for, among others, Cook Islands Māori, Hawaiian,[1] Marquesan, Tahitian, Tongan.
In Māori it can be pronounced either as a long close-mid back rounded vowel sound ([o:]), or a long open-mid back rounded vowel sound ([ɔː]).[2]
In Vurës, and Hiw, it is pronounced as a close-mid back rounded vowel sound ([o]), in Samoan, as open-mid back rounded vowel sound ([ɔː]), in Dorig, and Mwotlap, as a near-close near-back rounded vowel sound ([ʊ]), and Marshallese, pronounced as a close-mid back unrounded vowel sound ([ɤ]).
European languages
editThe letter is Ō used in the Silesian primer alphabet, one of two popular writing systems of Silesian language. In it, it is used to, depending on a dialect, represent the sounds between a close-mid back rounded vowel ([o]) and a close back rounded vowel ([u]). In the Steuer's Silesian alphabet, and the Silesian Phonetic Alphabet, two other writing systems, this function is represented by the letter Ů.[3]
In Livonian, which is extinct since 2013, Ō represented the long close-mid back rounded vowel sound ([o:]).[4]
African languages
editIn Ewondo language, Ō is used to represent the mid tone of a close-mid back rounded vowel sound ([o]).[5] The letter is also present in Ogba language, where a macron diacritic mark is used to indicate a tonal downstep.[6][7]
Autochthonic languages of the Americas
editIn Michel Launey's normalized orthography of Nahuatl, Ō is used to represent a long close-mid back rounded vowel sound ([o:]).[8] In traditional orthography, such function is done by either U or V.[9]
Romanizations
editIn the Hepburn romanization of the Japanese, the letter Ō is used to represent a long close-mid back rounded vowel sound ([o:]).
In pinyin romanization system of Standard Chinese, Ō is used to represent a first tone (flat or high-level tone) of a open-mid back rounded vowel sound ([ɔ˥]).
In the ISO 9 standard for transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters, Ō is used to represent the letter O with macron (majuscule: О̄ , minuscule: о̄).
- ^ Elbert, Samuel H.; Pukui, Mary Kawena (1979). Hawaiian Grammar. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 0-8248-0494-5.
- ^ Harlow, Ray (2006). Māori, A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80861-3.
- ^ Mirosław Syniawa: Ślabikŏrz niy dlŏ bajtli abo lekcyje ślōnskij gŏdki, Chorzów: Pro Loquela Silesiana, 2010, ISBN 978-83-62349-01-2, OCLC 750514461 (in Silesian)
- ^ Posti, Lauri (1973). "Alustava ehdotus liivin yksinkertaistetuksi transkriptioksi". FU-transkription yksinkertaistaminen. Castrenianumin toimitteita. Vol. 7. ISBN 951-45-0282-5.
- ^ Owona, Antoine (2004). L'orthographe harmonisée de l'ewondo. Université de Yaoundé. (in French)
- ^ Ọgba Language Committee (August 11, 2013). "A DICTIONARY OF ỌGBÀ, AN IGBOID LANGUAGE OF SOUTHERN NIGERIA" (PDF). www.rogerblench.info. Roger Blench, Kay Williamson Educational Foundation, Cambridge, UK. p. 3. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ^ "The Ogbah Language". 2008-12-26. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
- ^ Launey, Michel (1992). Introducción a la lengua y a la literatura náhuatl (in Spanish). Mexico City: National Autonomous University of Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-968-36-1944-0. OCLC 29376295.
- ^ Launey, Michel (1992). Introducción a la lengua y a la literatura náhuatl (in Spanish). Mexico City: National Autonomous University of Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, pp. 379–382. ISBN 978-968-36-1944-0. OCLC 29376295.