Assignment 7: Revised Wikipedia Assignment - Tuesday, December 15th
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Current and Potential Uses
editFood and Health
editThere are several species of Crotalaria that are popularly consumed by human populations throughout the world. The wild and domesticated landraces of Crotalaria tetragona, colloquially known as “Tum-thang,” are grown and eaten by the tribal communities of the Mizoram state of North-east India. The flowers and pods of Crotalaria tetragona are eaten as vegetables, the flowers and buds are used as garnishing, and the seeds are eaten as pulse.[1] In the Lake Victoria basin of East Africa, the wild and cultivated lines of Crotalaria brevidens, also known as “mitoo,” are harvested and eaten as a leafy vegetable in many popular cuisines. Its wide consumption is mainly due to its nutritional value as a rich source of β-carotene, which is a precursor of vitamin A.[2] Crotalaria longirostrata, also known as "longbreak rattlebox" or “chipilín,” is found in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Oaxaca and is a popular addition to many local dishes. The edible portions of the plant are the leaves and shoots, which are cooked and served as a leafy green vegetable or dessicated and utilized as an herb. The comestible foliage contains high amounts of calcium, iron, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid, while the seeds and roots are considerably toxic.[3] Crotalaria longirostrata is considered a “noxious weed” in the United States since it is avoided as a source of consumption by many animals and since its seeds shatter and spread over a wide range.
Australian species of the Crotalaria genus have the capacity to be cultivated into potential grain crops that are adapted to dry environments, nutrient poor soils, and low-input agricultural system. Australian Crotalaria species also show many suitable traits of harvestibility, including an upright growth habit, a low tendency to dehisce and shatter, the bearing of its fruits and flowers at the ends of branches, and large to moderate seeds.[4]
Properties
editToxicity
editThe primary source of toxicity for many species of Crotalaria is the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are poisonous to birds and large mammals. The two kinds of pyrrolizidine alkaloids that are found in Crotalaria plants are monocrotaline and spectabiline. They can be found in the leguminous seeds, foliage, stems, or roots of Crotalaria plants. Species with higher concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids yield greater toxic effects compared to those with lower concentrations. In addition, species that contain only monocrotaline are more poisonous than species that contain only spectabiline at equal concentrations within the seeds, leaves, stems, or roots. There are no confirmed species to this date that contain both spectabiline and monocrotaline; a Crotalaria plant can only have either one or the other. Thus, plants that are less toxic and therefore more appropriate for human consumption carry only low concentrations of spectabiline. According to one study, species that display the greatest toxicity include Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, C. retusa L., C. alata Leveille, and C. quinquefolia L. Species that are least toxic include Crotalaria australis Bak. Ex Verdoorn, C. maxillaris Klotzsch, C. spbaerocarpa, C. juncea L, and C. brevidens Benth., among many others.[5]
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Asehizad (talk) 17:42, 8 September 2015 (UTC)D.A.Sehi
- ^ Bhatt, KC; Pandey, A; Dhariwal, OP; Panwar, NS; Bhandari, DC (2009). ""Tum-thang" (Crotalaria tetragona Roxb. Ex Andr.): a little known wild edible species in the north-eastern hill region of India". Genet Resour Crop Evol. 56: 739–733.
- ^ Johns, T (1996). "Consumption patterns and nutritional contribution of Crotalaria Brevidens (Mitoo) in Tarime District, Tanzania". Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 35 (1): 59–69.
- ^ Morton, JF (1994). "Pito (Erythrina berteroana) and chipilin (Crotalaria longirostrata), (fabaceae) two soporific vegetables of Central America.". Economic Botony. 48 (2): 130–138.
- ^ Bell, LW; Bennett, RG; Ryan, MH; Clarke, H (2010). "The potential of herbaceous native Australian legumes as grain crops: a review". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 26 (01): 72–91.
- ^ Williams, MC; Molyneux, RJ (1987). "Occurrence, Concentration, and Toxicity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Crotalaria Seeds". Weed Science. 35 (4): 476–481.