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In Hindu Philosophy, there are four states of consciousness: jagrat (waking), svapna (dreaming), deep sleep (sushupti), and turiya (transcendental awareness). These states of consciousness are discussed in various Upanishads, particularly the Mandukya Upanishad.
Jagrat
editSvapna
editThe word svapna, etymologically related to the Greek hypnos, captures both the content and process of dreaming, reflecting a unified view. Unlike the Western distinction between subjective dream content and objective waking reality, svapna merges these aspects.[1]
Sushupti
editSushupti literally means "deep sleep"[2], and is formed from the root svap, which means to sleep.[3] Advaita Vedanta philosophers Shankara and Suresvara argue that, during sushupti, the self remains luminous and not ignorant, emphasizing its blissful aspect.[4]
Turiya
editThe fourth state (caturtha or turiya) is described, in the Mandukya Upanishad, as a special state of consciousness where one doesn't perceive things inside or outside oneself, or even both at once.[5]
References
edit- ^ O'Flaherty 1984.
- ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2018-05-29). "Sushupti, Suṣupti: 14 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2024-08-03.
- ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2019-01-01). "Svap, Shvap: 8 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
- ^ Fort 1980.
- ^ Olivelle 1998, p. 475.
Sources
edit- Fort, A. O. (1980). "The Concept of Suṣupta in Advaita Vedānta". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 61 (1/4): 221–228. ISSN 0378-1143.
- O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (1984). Dreams, Illusion, and Other Realities. University of Chicago Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-226-61855-5.
- Olivelle, Patrick, ed. (1998). The early Upaniṣads: annotated text and translation. South Asia research. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512435-4.