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subsubsection
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editProto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto-North | Jawe | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
uvular *q | *q | *k | k | ||
uvular *q | *qq(<*q(V)qV) | *kh | h |
Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto-North | Jawe | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
velar *k | *k | *c | c | ||
velar *k | *kk (<*k(V)kV) | *ch | hy, h(i) |
Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto-North | Jawe | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
laminal *s | *s, *ns | *t̪, *nd̪ | t, nd, (-l-) | ||
laminal *s | *ss (<*s(V)sV) | *t̪h | th |
Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto-North | Jawe | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
alveolar *d (or *r) | *ṭ, *nḍ | *ṭ, *nḍ , (-l-) | t, nd, (-l-) | ||
alveolar *d (or *r) | *ṭṭ(<*ṭ(V)ṭV) | *ṭh | th |
Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto-North | Jawe | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
dental *t | *t̪, *nd̪ | *t, nd (alveolars) | c, ɲj | ||
dental *t | *t̪t̪(<*t̪(V)t̪V) | *th (alveolar) | s |
Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto-North | Jawe | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
bilapial *p | *p | *p | p | ||
bilapial *p | *pw | *pw | pw | ||
bilapial *p | *pp | *ph | ph | ||
bilapial *p | *ppw | *phw | hw |
Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto North | Jawe | Gloss | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Example | Example | *kut̪a() | kut | 'rain' | Example |
Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
subsubsection
editProto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Southern Oceanic languages | Proto-New Caledonia or Southern Mainland Languages | Northern New Caledonia Languages | Jawe | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Southern Oceanic languages | Proto-New Caledonia or Southern Mainland Languages | Northern New Caledonia Languages | Jawe | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Example | POc *quar 'bamboo' | Example | Example | Example | ŋgo | Example |
Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
Jawe Word or Phrase | Gloss | New Caledonian Similarities | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
ŋgo | bamboo | ŋgaa in Kumak | |
ca- | food | ka in Kumak | |
ndo or ndoo-n | leaf | nẽ in Xaracuu | |
njan | cord | ndan in Nemi | |
ŋgule- | navel | mbora- in Kumak | bound noun |
yaak | fire | same in Nemi | |
yat and yale- | name | same in Nemi | |
yaec | storm wind | yavec in Nemi, | |
cñe-n | mother | tne-e in Nemi | |
ɲ̩jai- and cai- | back | ndai in Nemi | |
pe | stingray | ||
pwen | turtle | ||
mbwa- | head | ||
mbo | smell | ||
mwa | house | ||
kut | rain | ||
kula | shrimp | ||
küic | yam | ||
kon | sand | ||
kaloo- | husband | ||
hup | Montrouziera cauliflora plant | same in Kumak and Nemi | only found on New Caledonia |
cii- | skin | ||
cin | breadfruit tree | ||
ciik | louse | ||
ciiya | octopus | ||
cane- | clitoris or vulva | ||
hi- | hand | ||
hilec | Morinda citrifolia plant | ||
hyane- | contents | ||
-nda | upwards | ||
nduu- | bone | ||
thi- | breast | ||
thik | shellfish | ||
(ku)raa | blood | ||
ndalep | the Erythrina plant | ||
the | moss | ||
tha | bald | ||
that | Pandanus tree | ||
thap | coated tongue | ||
tho and thoo- | an aigrette or a collection of feathers | ||
cali- | a younger sibling of the same sex | ||
hie- | older sibling of the same sex, | ||
calik and ndalik | sea | ||
ɲjuu- | woman's skirt | ||
hia | yam field | ||
hiŋ̩guk | swollen | ||
paa- | thigh | ||
pangu- | grandson | ||
pun or puni- | hair or body hair | ||
pwe-n | fruit | ||
pwe | fishing line | ||
hweet | old banana whose root is eaten | ||
cani | to eat starchy food | ||
yalu | to bail out | ||
yalo | to sharpen | ||
telii | to tie with a slip knot | ||
nde | asks who? | ||
nda | asks what? | ||
cimwi | to squeeze or to seize or grasp | ||
hweli | to press out | ||
phe | to carry | ||
kalo | to look at | ||
koot | to stream | ||
huli | to eat sugar cane | ||
haloon | to marry | ||
cai- | to bite | ||
hina | to know | ||
cei and hyei | to cut | ||
hyeli | to scrape | ||
hyoom | to swim | ||
-nda | to go up | ||
thii | to prick | ||
thin | to set fire to | ||
tho | to call | ||
tena | to hear | ||
sai | to pull up | ||
phelo | to have something hot to drink | ||
phai | to cook | ||
hwa | hole, mouth or opening |