| Metepeira arizonica | |
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| File:Spiderpeterbryant.jpg | |
| The Metepeira labyrinthea. photo by Peter Bryant. | |
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| Species: | M. labyrinthea Hentz, 1847
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The Metepeira labyrinthea, or Labyrinth Orbweaver, as it is commonly called, is a member of the Araneidae family, of genus Metepeira. It has also been previously referred to as the Epeira labyrinthea as well, but the genus Metepeira is now its accepted scientific class. It is a small spider, with thin legs and a round, bulbous abdomen. The female’s length is 5.3 mm, its carapace 2.3 mm, abdomen 3.3 mm, and extended legs 18.4 mm.[1] The carapace is brown or gray, and the abdomen is dark with a white pattern. [2] The legs alternate pale brown and dark brown, and the sternum is dark brown with longitudinal yellow mark. The male spider is ¾ or slightly larger of the female’s length, with a darker carapace and with greater contrast between dark and light areas of legs. [3] Metepeira are easily distinguished from other Araneidae by their light eye region, white median line on sternum, relative length of the leg segments, small male palpus, weakly sclerotized epigynum and the special composite web. [4]
Web
editIn the webs of some spiders the viscid thread turns in very few, if any, spiral turns; most of the thread is looped back and forth along the radius. This is shown in the web of the Meteperia labyrinthea. A web of this kind is termed an incomplete orb.[5] The web of the labyrinth spider is highly characteristic and is more easily recognizable than the spider itself. The web consists of both an orb web and an irregular web. The orb web is built below and in front of an irregular web, where a retreat for the spider is created. [6] This retreat is a tangled, knotted web made with some debris and leaves woven into the silk, placed so as to make a small tent for the spider. [7] After attainment of maturity, the male makes no orb web.
Habitat
editThe Labyrinth Orbweaver can be found in most of the United Sates, southward through the Neotropical Region to Argentina. It is locally common in places of open woodland or woodland edge, and the webs are usually 3 to 8 feet above the ground. Orange trees, which have many dead and bare lower branches, provide places for the webs in thorny clusters of twigs. The spiders seem to be somewhat of colonists, with many living in the same tree, sometimes with their webs only a few inches apart. [8]
Food
editLike many other spiders, the labyrinth spider is a predator that uses the orb portion of its web to ensnare prey. It is a passive hunter that lets the web do the work. [9] One or more trap lines extend from the retreat to the orb web. [10] The sticky prey capture threads of orb-webs are critical to web performance. By retaining insects that strike the web, these spirally designed threads allow a spider time to locate their prey. [11] When an insect becomes entangled in the web, the spider climbs down to reach it from the trap line and ties it up in the web. If the spider is in need of food immediately, the insect is taken back to the retreat where the soft parts of the animal are eaten and the remaining parts thrown from the web. [12]
In June of 1980, a field experiment was performed in Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Prince Georges County, Maryland, U.S.A. to determine if food is a limited resource for adult females of Metepeira labyrinthea. Spiders built webs after being added to open experimental units, half of which were exposed to natural prey densities, while the other spiders were given laboratory-reared flies to increase prey availability. Feeding continued like this for 2.5 months and at the end of the experiment all egg sacs were removed from the units. Additional prey did not increase the survival rate of the spiders; however, the species responded to additional prey by significantly increasing the number of eggs produced per female. Median egg production per female increased from 65 to 145 for the Metepeira labyrinthea. This indicated that food was a limited resource for this species. [13]
Life
editThe labyrinth spider is active, with its webs visible, from March through October. During the rainy season, the female mates and lays eggs. [14] The female usually produces 5 or 6 eggs sacs with an average of 55 eggs each. [15] She puts her eggs into several silken discs strung together in a bead-like row [16], and then builds an egg case around the eggs and hangs it in the web near her retreat where it is camouflaged by other debris in her web. Once the young emerge they are self-sufficient; they leave the mother's nest by ballooning. [17]
References
edit- ^ University of Kansas. Museum of Natural History, ed. (1946–1996), "Miscellaneous publication", University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Lawrence,University of Kansas
- ^ Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum (2006–2009). "Labyrinth Spider". Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ University of Kansas. Museum of Natural History, ed. (1946–1996), "Miscellaneous publication", University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Lawrence,University of Kansas
- ^ Levi, H. W. (1977). "Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool". Harvard. 148: 185–238.
- ^ Comstock, John Henry (1912). The spider book; a manual for the study of the spiders and their near relatives, the scorpions, pseudoscorpions, whip-scorpions, harvestmen, and other members of the class Arachnida, found in America north of Mexico. Garden City,Doubleday, Page & Company.
- ^ Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum (2006–2009). "Labyrinth Spider". Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ Bilsing, S. W. (May 1920). "Quantitative Studies in the Food of Spiders". The Ohio Journal of Science. 20 (7).
- ^ University of Kansas. Museum of Natural History, ed. (1946–1996), "Miscellaneous publication", University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Lawrence,University of Kansas
- ^ Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum (2006–2009). "Labyrinth Spider". Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ Bilsing, S. W. (May 1920). "Quantitative Studies in the Food of Spiders". The Ohio Journal of Science. 20 (7).
- ^ Opell, Brent D. (The Company of Biologists 2007). "Adhesive recruitment by the viscous capture threads of araneoid orb-weaving spiders". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 10 (Pt 4): 553–560. doi:10.1242/jeb.02682. PMID 17267640.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Bilsing, S. W. (May 1920). "Quantitative Studies in the Food of Spiders". The Ohio Journal of Science. 20 (7).
- ^ Wise, D . H (1982). "Predation by a commensal spider, Argyrodes trigonum, upon its host : An experimental study". J. Arachnol. 10: 111–116.
- ^ Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum (2006–2009). "Labyrinth Spider". Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ University of Kansas. Museum of Natural History, ed. (1946–1996), "Miscellaneous publication", University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Lawrence,University of Kansas
- ^ Harvard University (1920). "Metepeira labyrinthea". The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge. Vol. 25. Encyclopedia Americana Corp.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Check date values in:|year=(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum (2006–2009). "Labyrinth Spider". Retrieved 2009-04-05.