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Jerusalem in Islam is considered a sacred city,[1] and has played a significant role in the faith. The al-Aqsa mosque of Jerusalem is considered the third holiest site in Islam, after the mosques of al-Haram and al-Nabawi. Also in particular:
- It is strongly associated with people regarded as Prophets of Islam - in particular, David, Solomon, and Jesus;
- It was the first qibla (direction of prayer) in Islam, before the Kaaba in Mecca;
- Muhammad is believed to have been taken by the flying steed Buraq to visit Jerusalem, where he prayed, and then to visit heaven, in a single night in the year 620. less (Yusuf Ali's translation).
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Names
editEarly in Islamic history, the name for Jerusalem was Īliyāʾ madīnat bayt al-maḳdis, meaning "Aelia, the city of the Temple." However, in practice, the city was most commonly referred to simply as "bayt al-maḳdis." This term derives from the Aramaic bēth maḳd e ʿs̲h̲ā (meaning the "Temple"). The even more common name, al-Quds, was used early as well, and came in popular use by 985. The term is derived from the Aramaic ḳuds̲h̲a, which, when used in the term ḳarta de-ḳuds̲h̲a denotes "city of the sanctuary".[2]
Islamic texts
editQur'an
editThe Qur'anic verse (17:1) is interpreted by all widely used tafsirs (commentaries) as referring to the journey of Israe and Miraj, with the term "the farthest Mosque" (al-masjid al-Aqsa) referring to the Noble Sanctuary in Jerusalem, where the mosque stands:
سُبْحَانَ الَّذِي أَسْرَى بِعَبْدِهِ لَيْلاً مِّنَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ الأَقْصَى الَّذِي بَارَكْنَا حَوْلَهُ
Subhana al-lazei asra b-abdihi laylan mmina al-masjidi al-haram ila al-masjidi al-aqsa al-lazei barakna haolah
| “ | Glory to He (God) Who did take His servant for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless. | ” |
| — Qur'an, [Quran 17:1] | ||
Sunnah
editHistory
editThe earliest dated stone inscriptions containing verses from the Qur'an appear to be Abd al-Malik's in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, from 72 AH (692 CE).
After the conquest of Jerusalem by the armies of the second Caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab, parts of the city soon took on a Muslim character. According to Muslim historians, the city insisted on surrendering to the Caliph directly rather than to any general, and he signed a pact with its Christian inhabitants, the Covenant of Umar. He was horrified to find the Temple Mount - known to Muslims as al-Haram al-Sharif, the Noble Sanctuary - being used as a rubbish dump, and ordered that it be cleaned up and prayed there. However, when the Bishop invited him to pray in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, he refused, lest he create a precedent for its use as a mosque. He visited the church, but when his companions were overcome by emotion and wished to pray he instead ordered them to recite the fatiha, the opening chapter of the Qur'an. According to some Muslim historians, he also built a crude mosque on the Temple Mount, which was later replaced by Abd al-Malik. The Byzantine chronicler Theophanes Confessor (751-818) gives a somewhat different picture of this event, claiming that Umar "began to restore the Temple at Jerusalem" with encouragement from local Jews.
In 688 the Caliph Abd al-Malik built the Dome of the Rock on the Haram al-Sharif; in 728 the cupola over the Al-Aqsa Mosque was erected, the same being restored in 758-775 by Al-Mahdi. In 831 Al-Ma'mun restored the Dome of the Rock and built the octagonal wall. During the Qarmatian rule of the Hejaz in the middle of the 10th century CE, Jerusalem was the destination for the hajj. In 1016 the Dome was partly destroyed by earthquakes; but it was repaired in 1022.
Traditions
editMany Muslims celebrate the anniversary of the journey, the Isra and Miraj, on Rajab 27 with dhikr, gatherings and feasting, although Salafis (including Wahhabis) take the position that no regular festivals are permissible except the two Eids. Muslim prayers do not include Jerusalem.