| Blueberry biscuit/sandbox | |
|---|---|
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| In the Morton Arboretum | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Salicaceae |
| Genus: | Salix |
| Species: | S. nigra
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| Binomial name | |
| Salix nigra | |
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| Natural range | |
Salix nigra, the black willow, is a perennial tree native to eastern North America. Black willow is usually mature after 30 years, while the average life span of a black willow is 65 years, thus it is seen as a shorter lived tree. In general, black willow prefers to live in habitats with constant moisture and therefore will thrive in places such as swamps or river banks.
Description
edit
Salix nigra is a medium-sized deciduous tree, the largest North American species of willow, growing to 10–30 m (35–100 ft) tall, exceptionally up to 45 m (148 ft), with a trunk 50–80 centimeters (20–30 in) diameter. The bark is dark brown to blackish, becoming fissured in older trees, and frequently forking near the base.[2] The shoots are slender and variable in color from green to brown, yellow or purplish; they are (like the related European Salix fragilis) brittle at the base, snapping evenly at the branch junction if bent sharply. The foliage buds are 2–4 millimetres (1⁄16–3⁄16 in) long, with a single, pointed reddish-brown bud scale. The leaves are alternate, long, thin, 5–15 centimeters (2–6 in) long and 0.5–2 centimeters (1⁄4–3⁄4 in) broad, usually somewhat falcate, dark, shiny green on both sides or with a lighter green underside, with a finely serrated margin, a short petiole and a pair of small stipules. It is dioecious, with small, greenish yellow to yellow flowers borne on catkins 2.5–7.5 centimeters (1–3 in) long in early spring at the same time as the new leaves appear. The fruit is a 5 millimeters (3⁄16 in) capsule which splits open when mature to release the numerous minute, down-covered seeds. The leaves turn a lemon yellow in the fall.[2]
Early season leaves of some species in the Salix genus generally contain denser indumentum then leaves that are produced later in the season. Indumentum refers to hairs that are red or brown in color. Salix have first leaves, which are leaves that grow form the bud, and can also be called leaves that are "preformed". The leaves that form as the branch continues to grow out are called new leaves, or "neoformed".[3]
Distribution and Habitat
editSalix nigra, the black willow, is a species of willow native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.[4] It is also found in parts of Mexico, both south and west of the Rio Grande. While native to eastern North America, it has also been introduced along streams in the state of Utah. [5] Salix nigra grows best in areas where full sun is present and has a preference for soil that is wet or moist.[6] Thus, it is typically found along streams and in swamps.[7][8][9]
Taxonomy
editBlack willow is part of the Salicaceae family, which is the willow family.[10] The accepted name for black willow is: Salix nigra Marshall; Marshall first described this taxon in 1785.[10]
Salix gooddingii (Goodding's willow) is sometimes considered a variety of S. nigra. as S. nigra var. vallicola Dudley; when recognized, this extends the range to western North America. However, the two are usually treated as distinct species.[11] Some other related taxa and synonyms are S. nigra var. altissima, S. nigra var. brevijulis, S. nigra var. longifolia, S. nigra var. marginata, and S. nigra var. wardii.[12]
Another name occasionally used for black willow is "swamp willow", not to be confused with Salix myrtilloides (swamp willow). Other common names include "Goodding willow", "southwestern black willow", "Dudley willow", and "sauz" (a spanish word).[13]
Reproduction and Growth
editSalix nigra is dioecious, which means it has separate male and female trees.[14] Flowering may be climate dependent. It flowers during February in the southern part of its range, and flowers until June in the northern parts. These trees are capable of producing seeds when they are around the age of 10 years. The black willow continuously has good seed crops year after year, with only a few failures. The seeds require very specific conditions to germinate. They prefer soil that is very wet or flooded. After they germinate, they can experience excellent growth if they are exposed to a lot of moisture during the growing season.[15]
Black willow are capable of developing special features related to flood tolerance to help them survive in flooded habitats.[1] Under flooded conditions, black willow develop hypertrophied lenticels and water roots. Black willows are also sensitive to drought conditions. Black willows living in drought conditions experience inhibition of their branch and root growth.[16]
Largest example
editAccording to the National Register of Big Trees, the largest black willow tree in the US is in Hennepin, Minnesota. Its height is 63 feet (19 m), circumference is 32 feet (9.8 m) and spread is 73 feet (22 m).[citation needed]
The Marlboro Tree, located in Marlboro Township, New Jersey is certified by the State of New Jersey as the largest known example of this tree in the state. It is about 152 years old and measures 76 feet (23 m) in height and 19.7 feet (6.0 m) in circumference. Five grown people must hold hands to fully encircle the tree.[17]
Uses
editBlack willow roots are very bitter, and have been used as a substitute for quinine in the past.[18] Ethnobotanical uses of black willow by various Native American tribes include basketry, and treatment of fever, headache, and coughs.[19] It was recognized that using the bark and leaves of Salix nigra was useful in treating rheumantism. Early civilizations with this knowledge were able to benefit from the pain relieving effects of this tree. This is because the bark of the tree contains salicylic acid, a chemical compound similar to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). This Salicin compound was extracted from the bark of a black willow in 1829, before the actual invention of aspirin.[13]
The black willow is the only United States native species to be used as timber for a variety of different items. The black willow lumber is used in furniture and shipping containers. The largest production site for black willow timber was in Louisiana at its peak in the 1970s.[20]
The wood of Salix nigra is very lightweight. The wood was once used for artificial limbs, such as wooden hands.[13] It is also capable of maintaining it's shape, does not splinter very easily, and has a moderately high shock resistance allowing it to sustain continuous moderate impacts.[13]
It may also be used in environmental restoration. Black willow is very resistant to herbivory and flooding and also a good erosion control tool. Salix nigra is good for marshland stabilization or restoration projects as long as the roots don't penetrate any clay liner that may be in place.[21][22] Salix nigra demonstrated some success as a photodegradation tool.[23] Photodegradation is theorized to work by drawing the target chemical, such as Bentazon, up the roots and stem into the leaves where it is degraded by higher energy radiation provided by the sun.[23]
Disease
editBlack willows are susceptible to diseases such as Crown gall and Cankers. Crown gall is caused by bacteria living in the soil where the black willow is present. When black willow are infected, the bacteria stimulate a quick burst in growth of plant cells. They cause the tree to form tumor-like growths, or "galls" on different parts of the tree such as their roots or on the lower branches. As these galls get bigger, they become hard, woody, brown in color, and corky. Black willows do not normally die from crown galls. However, these galls can cause a disruption in the flow of nutrients throughout the tree and can have its normal growth stunted or slowed down due to this disease. Crown galls are less problematic in soils that are more acidic, thus soil pH can be an important factor in helping to limit this disease.[24]
Black canker disease is caused by the fungus Glomerella miyabeana. This disease starts as spotting on the leaves of the black willow, where it then spreads to the petiole and eventually the twig or branch holding the leaf. It then forms black patches on the stem of the tree that are capable of expanding. Black Willows that are in nutrient-poor locations or that are experiencing poor temporary climate conditions (such as a temporary lack of rainfall or short, drought-like conditions) are considered stressed and very susceptible to the spread of these cankers. Tissue on the black willow that is affected by these cankers will not grow with the rest of the tree, and cracks will begin to form.[25]
- ^ Barstow, M. (2017). "Salix nigra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T61960325A61960328. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61960325A61960328.en. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ a b Peattie, Donald Culross. Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, 1934
- ^ "Salix: Dichotomous Key: Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
- ^ "Salix nigra". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ "Salix nigra". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- ^ "Salix nigra (Black Willow) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- ^ Tree Species of the World's Boreal Forests: Salix nigra
- ^ Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont: Salix nigra
- ^ New Brunswick tree and shrub species of concern: Salix nigra Archived 2007-11-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Salix nigra | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Salix gooddingii". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
- ^ "SERNEC Collection Search Parameters". sernecportal.org. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- ^ a b c d "Black Willow - Salix nigra". North American Insects & Spiders. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- ^ "Definition of DIOECIOUS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- ^ "Salix nigra Marsh". www.srs.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- ^ Pezeshki, S. Reza; Anderson, Peter H.; Shields, F. Douglas (1998-09). "Effects of soil moisture regimes on growth and survival of black willow (Salix nigra) posts (cuttings)". Wetlands. 18 (3): 460–470. doi:10.1007/bf03161538. ISSN 0277-5212.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Marlboro Tree
- ^ Gunn, John C. (1883). Gunn's Newest Family Physician. Google Books. pp. 807–811. Retrieved 2014-12-23.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Salix+nigra
- ^ "Black Willow, An American Wood" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. July 1985.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ S. Li, L. Martin, S. Pezeshki and F. Shields, "Responses of black willow (Salix nigra) cuttings to simulated herbivory and flooding", Acta Oecologica, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 173–180, 2005.
- ^ Clemson University, "Salix nigra Marsh", /www.clemson.edu, 2016. [Online]. Available:http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/salix/nigra.htm. [Accessed: 10- Jun- 2016].
- ^ a b R. Conger, Black willow (Salix nigra) use in phytoremediation techniques to remove the herbicide bentazon from shallow groundwater. [Baton Rouge, La.]: [Louisiana State University], 2003.
- ^ "Crown Galls". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- ^ "Black Canker of Willow". Purdue Landscape Report. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
nigra Category:Medicinal plants Category:Trees of Mexico Category:Trees of the United States Category:Trees of Canada Category:Trees of the North-Central United States Category:Trees of the Southeastern United States Category:Flora of Arizona Category:Trees of humid continental climate Category:Trees of the Northeastern United States Category:Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America)