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Article: Insect Social Networks
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Social Networks in Hymenopterans
editAnt social networks have three main types of individuals or casts.[1] The three types - the queen, workers, and drones - all serve a specific purpose within the colony.[1] The queen is the reproductive member of the colony. Some ant species will only have one queen, while others will form polygynous colonies of multiple queens, such as Argentine ants Linepithema humile.[2] The workers are responsible for supporting the queen, maintenance, and foraging. Unlike queens and drones, workers are born wingless. Some polymorphic ants can have workers who look morphologically very different from each-other each, with specific jobs and behaviours.[1][3] Examples of these polymorphisms can be seen in the big-headed ants Pheidole dentata, where the different casts of workers (majors with large heads and minors with regular sized heads) increase colony efficiency and what the colony is able to accomplish.[3] The drones are the only males in ant social structures, and have little to do with colony activities.[4] Their sole purpose is to transport DNA.[4] The drones leave the colony on a nuptial flight or mating flight, find a virgin queen to reproduce with, and then die shortly after.[4]
Bee and wasp social structure is very similar to that of ants, except all of the members have wings. Both bees and ants communicate very effectively using pheromonemethods. For example, honey bees use brooding pheromone to increase eggs laid by the queen.[5] Unlike ants, bees also use "dance language". This very complex behaviour allows foraging bees to communicate to their sisters the location of resources and dangers in the foraging space all through dancing movements.[6] However, inside the dark chambers of the nest itself, complex pheromone systems are used to communicate and organize the group.[5]
Social Networks In Blattodea
editTermites, in the order Blattodea, also have an advanced social network. The termite social network evolved separately from the Hymenoptera, and has some key differences. Instead of just a reproductive queen, termites have a reproductive royal pair, the king and queen, that stay in the colony to produce offspring.[7] The other colony members are divided into workers and soldiers.[7] Workers and soldiers can be male or female, and lack wings, eyes, and developed sex organs unlike the reproductive members.[7] Workers perform all of the colony's maintenance, such as caring for young, cleaning, building tunnels, and feeding the other members.[7] The soldiers primary goal is to defend and guard the entrance to the colony.[8]
** BELOW HEADING TAKEN FROM ARTICLE BUT COMPLETELY REWRITTEN**
Disease transmission
editLiving in large colonies in confined spaces creates a risk of pathogen spreading. Insects in social networks show many anti-pathogen behaviours to prevent the spread of infection. An example of this behaviour is the pathogen alarm behaviour in termites.[9] If a termite detects itself being infected with pathogen spores, it will produce a vibratory signal to warn the other colony members to stay away from it to prevent the spread of the fungi.[9]
References
edit- ^ a b c "Ants: Life in society". espace pour la vie Montréal.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Ingram, Krista K. "PLASTICITY IN QUEEN NUMBER AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE INVASIVEARGENTINE ANT (LINEPITHEMA HUMILE)". Evolution. 56: 2008–2016.
- ^ a b Calabi, P.; Traniello, J. F. A. (1989-02-01). "Social organization in the ant Pheidole dentata". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 24 (2): 69–78. doi:10.1007/BF00299638. ISSN 1432-0762.
- ^ a b c Shik, Jonathan Z.; Donoso, David A.; Kaspari, Michael (2013). "The life history continuum hypothesis links traits of male ants with life outside the nest". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 149 (2): 99–109. doi:10.1111/eea.12117. ISSN 1570-7458.
- ^ a b Pankiw, Tanya; Roman, Roman; Sagili, Ramesh R.; Zhu-Salzman, Keyan (2004-12-01). "Pheromone-modulated behavioral suites influence colony growth in the honey bee (Apis mellifera)". Naturwissenschaften. 91 (12): 575–578. doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0568-y. ISSN 1432-1904.
- ^ Dyer, Fred C. (2002-01-01). "The Biology of the Dance Language". Annual Review of Entomology. 47 (1): 917–949. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145306. ISSN 0066-4170.
- ^ a b c d "Termite - Nests". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
- ^ Rosengaus, R. B.; Jordan, C.; Lefebvre, M. L.; Traniello, J. F. A. (1999-11-01). "Pathogen Alarm Behavior in a Termite: A New Form of Communication in Social Insects". Naturwissenschaften. 86 (11): 544–548. doi:10.1007/s001140050672. ISSN 1432-1904.
- ^ a b Rosengaus, R. B.; Jordan, C.; Lefebvre, M. L.; Traniello, J. F. A. (1999-11-01). "Pathogen Alarm Behavior in a Termite: A New Form of Communication in Social Insects". Naturwissenschaften. 86 (11): 544–548. doi:10.1007/s001140050672. ISSN 1432-1904.